Pulmonaria, commonly known as lungwort, is a captivating genus of flowering plants in the borage family (Boraginaceae). Though its name might seem unusual, this shade-loving perennial offers a unique blend of beauty and resilience that has earned it a cherished spot in gardens for centuries. With its vibrant, early-spring flowers and uniquely patterned foliage, Pulmonaria is a delightful addition to any shade garden.

What Makes Pulmonaria So Special? Pulmonaria has several qualities that make it a standout choice for gardeners:

• Early Spring Blooms: As one of the earliest perennials to bloom, Pulmonaria graces gardens with its beautiful flowers in early to mid-spring, a time when many other plants are still dormant. These blossoms provide a vital source of nectar for pollinators, making them a welcome sight in any wildlife-friendly garden.
• Interesting Foliage: The foliage of Pulmonaria is arguably its most captivating feature. The large, typically oval-shaped leaves often exhibit a speckled or mottled pattern of white or silver against a deep green background. This unique foliage adds visual interest and texture to the garden throughout the growing season, even when the plant is not in bloom.
• Shade Tolerance: Pulmonaria thrives in shady locations, making it an ideal choice for woodland gardens, shady borders, and underplanting taller perennials or shrubs.
• Low Maintenance: Once established, Pulmonaria requires minimal care. It is relatively resistant to pests and diseases and can tolerate some drought.
• Attracts Pollinators: The spring flowers of Pulmonaria act as a magnet for bees and butterflies, helping to support these beneficial insects in your garden.

Description and Details

Botanical Name and Common Names The botanical name for lungwort is Pulmonaria officinalis. The specific epithet "officinalis" means "sold in stores" and indicates that this plant historically had culinary or medicinal uses. It has several common names, including common lungwort, Jerusalem cowslip, Jerusalem sage, Mary's tears, Our Lady's milk drops, and blue lungwort. The name "lungwort" originates from the ancient belief that the leaves of these plants, with their spotted patterns, resembled lungs and could be used to treat lung ailments.

Physical Characteristics Pulmonaria is a low-growing, clump-forming perennial that typically reaches a height of 8-12 inches and spreads 12-24 inches wide. It has slowly creeping rhizomes with adventitious roots. The leaves are arranged in rosettes and are typically oval-shaped with pointed or blunt tips. The most distinctive feature of the leaves is their unique spotting or mottling, which is caused by air pockets just beneath the leaf surface. These air pockets may help to cool the leaf.

The flowers of Pulmonaria are small and delicate, with a funnel or bell shape, similar to forget-me-nots. They are borne in clusters at the top of the stems and typically bloom in early to mid-spring. One of the most fascinating aspects of Pulmonaria flowers is their tendency to change color as they mature. They often open in shades of pink or red and then gradually change to blue or purple as the pH level of the flower petals changes. This unusual color-changing display adds to the charm and appeal of Pulmonaria in the garden.

Growth Habits Pulmonaria is a slow-growing plant that spreads gradually via rhizomes. It is not considered invasive. It is hardy in USDA zones 3-8. The plant prefers cool, moist, but well-drained soil in part shade to full shade. It is not tolerant of drought or hot, dry locations.

Flowering Patterns Lungworts flower in late winter/very early spring, with some varieties beginning to bloom as early as the end of February. The bloom time can vary based on the climate, with warmer regions experiencing earlier blooms. The flowers typically emerge in shades of pink or violet and then change to blue as they age. This color change is due to a shift in the pH levels of the plant as it matures. The flowers are borne in clusters on short stalks that reach just above the foliage. While the bloom period can last for a month or more, the heaviest flower production usually occurs in the first two weeks.

Species and Cultivars There are approximately 18 species of Pulmonaria, with several popular cultivars available for gardeners. Some notable species include:

• Pulmonaria officinalis: This is the most common species, known for its classic silver-spotted leaves and pink-to-blue flowers.
• Pulmonaria longifolia: This species has long, narrow leaves and exhibits good sun tolerance. Popular cultivars include 'Bertram Anderson' and 'Dordogne'.
• Pulmonaria saccharata: This species is known for its heavily silver-spotted leaves and is a parent to many popular cultivars, such as 'Mrs. Moon' and 'Leopard'.

Some popular cultivars include:

• 'Trevi Fountain': This cultivar produces abundant cobalt-blue flowers and has dark green leaves with silver spots.
• 'Silver Bouquet': This cultivar has silver leaves and flowers that change from pink to cobalt blue.
• 'Sissinghurst White': This cultivar stands out with its pure white flowers and heavily spotted leaves.

Native Habitat Pulmonaria is native to Europe and western Asia. It is an understorey species, meaning it grows beneath the canopy of larger trees in deciduous forests. In the wild, it typically grows in deciduous woodlands, often in damp, shady areas with humus-rich soil. Some species are found in moist sites, while others hail from drier regions.

Pulmonaria is adapted to changing light conditions in its native habitat. It can tolerate high solar radiation in early spring before the trees leaf out. As the canopy fills in, the amount of sunlight reaching the forest floor decreases, and Pulmonaria adapts to these lower light levels.

Landscaping Design Tips Pulmonaria's versatility and shade tolerance make it a valuable asset in various garden settings:

• Woodland Gardens: Pulmonaria is perfectly suited for woodland gardens. Imagine its silver-spotted leaves catching the dappled sunlight filtering through the branches of a majestic oak tree, while its delicate pink and blue flowers create a carpet of color beneath a canopy of spring foliage. Its shade tolerance and early blooms work well beneath tall trees and amongst other shade-loving plants such as ferns, Hostas, and Solomon's Seal.
• Border Plantings: Use Pulmonaria in the front of borders to provide a burst of early spring color. Picture it alongside vibrant yellow daffodils or delicate white tulips, creating a tapestry of spring hues. The foliage remains attractive throughout the season, providing interest even after the blooms have faded. It can be paired with late-blooming perennials, such as astilbes or hostas, to ensure continuous color throughout the growing season.
• Underplanting Shrubs and Trees: Pulmonaria can be used to underplant shrubs and trees, where it can tolerate the dappled shade and compete with the roots of larger plants. Imagine it thriving beneath a flowering dogwood or a Japanese maple, its silver-spotted leaves adding a touch of magic to the understory. Its spreading habit helps to suppress weeds and create a lush groundcover.
• Edging Pathways: Pulmonaria can be used to edge pathways or borders, adding a touch of color and texture to the garden. Its low-growing habit makes it a good choice for defining garden spaces.
• Container Plantings: Some compact varieties of Pulmonaria can be used in containers. They can be combined with other shade-tolerant plants, such as ferns or hostas, for a multi-season display.
• Rock Gardens: Pulmonaria can add color and texture to rock gardens, especially in shadier spots.

As an added benefit, Pulmonaria may help to repel slugs and snails, making it an even more desirable plant for gardeners.

Companion Plants Pulmonaria combines well with a variety of shade-loving plants. Here is a table highlighting some excellent companion plant choices and the reasons for choosing them:

When selecting companion plants, consider those that thrive in similar conditions to Pulmonaria—partial to full shade and well-draining soil.

Planting and Care

• Soil Preparation Pulmonaria prefers organically rich, humusy soil that remains moist. Dry soil can cause the plants to decline and go into dormancy, but soggy soil can encourage root rot. To improve fertility and drainage, loosen the soil to a depth of 12–15 inches and mix in compost or well-rotted manure before planting.
• Planting Depth When planting Pulmonaria, dig a hole slightly wider and approximately the same depth as the container the plant came in. Place the plant in the hole so that the top of the root ball is about an inch below the level of the surrounding soil. For bare root plants, plant them about 1–2 inches deep. Ensure that the crown (where the roots meet the stem) is level with the soil surface.
• Watering Needs Pulmonaria needs a moderate amount of moisture and struggles in soil that is too dry or too wet. Water whenever the soil begins to dry out, but do not overwater to the point that the plant is sitting in soggy soil. During periods of extremely hot weather, you may need to increase your watering frequency.

Pruning Techniques Pruning Pulmonaria helps to maintain its appearance and encourage new growth. Here are some pruning techniques:

• Deadheading: Remove the entire flower stalk after the blooms fade to encourage new growth and possible re-flowering.
• Foliage Removal: Remove any leaves that become dry or damaged, especially during hot weather.
• Fall Pruning: In areas with mild winters, trim the plant back in the fall to remove leggy growth. In colder regions, cut all growth back to the ground level after the first frost.

Other Insights for Gardeners

• Medicinal Properties Historically, Pulmonaria was used to treat lung ailments. This practice stemmed from the Doctrine of Signatures, an ancient belief that plants resembling body parts could be used to treat ailments of those parts. The spotted leaves of Pulmonaria were thought to resemble diseased lungs, leading to its use in traditional remedies for respiratory issues. While its effectiveness in modern medicine is debated, Pulmonaria is still used in some traditional remedies for respiratory issues. It is also known to have astringent, demulcent, diaphoretic, diuretic, emollient, and resolvent properties. Interestingly, it is also an ingredient in the drink vermouth.
• Historical Significance Pulmonaria has a long history of use in traditional medicine and folklore. In medieval Europe, it was believed to be a sign of health and healing due to its lung-shaped leaves. In some cultures, it was even thought to have magical powers and was associated with divination and prophecy. Historically, it was also boiled in beer and used to treat respiratory problems in horses.
• Cultural Symbolism In the Victorian language of flowers, Pulmonaria symbolizes protection and strength. This symbolism is likely rooted in its historical use and its ability to thrive in challenging conditions.
• Ecological Benefits Pulmonaria has ecological benefits beyond its value to pollinators. It can be used as a source of boiling water dye. Additionally, due to its sensitivity to air pollution, it is used in forest monitoring regimes as an indicator of air quality.

Pulmonaria is a truly remarkable plant that offers a unique combination of beauty, resilience, and historical significance. Its early spring blooms, attractive foliage, and shade tolerance make it a valuable addition to any garden. With proper planting and care, Pulmonaria can provide years of enjoyment and beauty in your landscape. Why not introduce this captivating plant to your own garden and experience its unique charm firsthand? You might be surprised by the magic it brings to your shady spaces.