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    • Dendranthema

    The terms "Dendranthema" and "Chrysanthemum" can be a bit confusing, as they refer to the same group of plants but have been used differently over time. Here is a quick rundown:

    1. Historical Naming: The genus Chrysanthemum was originally used to classify these plants. However, in 1961, the genus was split into several different genera, and many species were reclassified under the name Dendranthema.
    2. Reclassification: More recently, the genus Chrysanthemum has been reinstated, and many of the plants that were moved to Dendranthema have been moved back to Chrysanthemum.
    3. Common Names: Despite the botanical changes, many gardeners and horticulturists still use the name Chrysanthemum, especially when referring to popular garden varieties like the hardy mums.

    So, whether Dendranthema or Chrysanthemum, you are talking about the same beautiful, versatile plants that brighten up gardens and floral arrangements alike!

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    Dendranthema is a genus of flowering plants that includes chrysanthemums, also known as garden mums. They are popular for their vibrant fall blooms and are widely cultivated in gardens and used as cut flowers.

    Originally, chrysanthemums were classified under the genus Chrysanthemum. However, in 1961, botanists reclassified the hardy garden mums into the genus Dendranthema. This reclassification aimed to distinguish them from the less hardy florist's chrysanthemums, which retained the Chrysanthemum classification.

    Dendranthema plants are typically hardy perennials that thrive in full sun to partial shade and well-drained soil. They come in a variety of colors, excluding blue, and bloom in various forms, from single to fully double flowers.

    Dendranthema plants are relatively low-maintenance and can tolerate a range of soil conditions. They require moderate watering and are generally resistant to pests and diseases.

    Overall, Dendranthema plants are a beautiful and resilient addition to any garden, providing vibrant fall color and requiring minimal care.

    • Plant Type: Perennial.
    • Growing Zones: Zones 5 to 9.
    • Height and Width: 12 inches tall and 18 inches wide.
    • Foliage: Aromatic, somewhat fleshy leaves that are lobed in a palmate fashion.
    • Flowers: Daisylike flower heads with white, yellow, pink, or purple petals, blooming in mid- to late summer and fall.
    • Planting Location: Full to half sun, in rich, moist, well-drained soil. Sandy soil is ideal.
    • Watering and Feeding: Average water; feed with an all-purpose organic fertilizer in spring.
    • Care: Pinch several times between midspring and midsummer for bushy, later-blooming plants. Divide plants every 2 years in spring.
    • Pests and Diseases: Susceptible to aphids, Japanese beetles, mites, slugs, snails, and nematodes. Can develop leaf spot, mildew, and rust.
    • Propagation: By dividing plants in spring or after they flower in fall, or by sowing seeds.

    Chrysanthemums, often affectionately called "mums," are a staple in gardens, bringing vibrant bursts of color as summer transitions to fall. Native to East Asia and northeastern Europe, these beloved plants have a rich history in gardens around the world. But did you know that the mums you see gracing gardens in autumn are actually part of the Dendranthema genus? This article delves into the world of chrysanthemums and Dendranthema, providing valuable insights for gardeners of all levels.

    Common Names

    Chrysanthemum is a genus of herbaceous perennials in the aster family (Asteraceae). These plants are known by a variety of common names, including:

    • Mum
    • Chinese Mum
    • Daisy Mum
    • Florist's Mum
    • Cushion Mum
    • Spoon Mum
    • Fuji Mum
    • Spider Mum
    • Football Mum

    While Dendranthema are commonly referred to as chrysanthemums or garden mums. Interestingly, the classification of these plants has shifted over the years. Originally classified as Chrysanthemum, they were later separated into several genera, including Dendranthema in 1961. The scientific name for garden mums is Dendranthema x grandiflora. However, many gardeners and horticulturists still use the name Chrysanthemum, especially when referring to popular garden varieties.

    Chrysanthemum and Dendranthema Varieties

    Chrysanthemums and Dendranthema come in a dazzling array of shapes, sizes, and colors. Here is a table summarizing the different varieties:

    Variety

    Description

    Irregular Incurve

    Large, globe-shaped flowers with petals curving inwards in an irregular pattern.

    Reflex

    Resembling layered bird feathers, with overlapping petals that curve downwards.

    Regular Incurve

    Compact flower heads with rounded petals that curve inward to form a dense sphere.

    Decorative

    Upper petals curve upward, and lower petals bend backward.

    Intermediate Incurve

    Flower form falls between the incurve and the reflex types.

    Pompon

    Small, dense, globe-shaped blooms that grow in masses.

    Single and Semi-Double

    Resemble daisies with a single or double row of petals surrounding a central disc.

    Anemone

    Single blooms with large, prominent centers.

    Spoon

    Daisy-like blooms with distinctive spoon-shaped petal tips.

    Quill

    Thin, tube-like petals that give the flower a spiky appearance.

    Spider

    Long, gracefully drooping petals with coiled ends, resembling spider legs.

    Brush and Thistle

    Unique flower forms with brush-like or thistle-like petals.

    Unusual

    Encompasses chrysanthemums with unique and exotic flower forms that do not fit into the other classifications.

    Growth Requirements Chrysanthemums and Dendranthema are relatively easy to grow, but understanding their basic needs is crucial for their success.

    • Soil and Sunlight Both Chrysanthemums and Dendranthema thrive in fertile, well-drained soil. Loamy or sandy soil is ideal, while heavy clay can be problematic. Incorporating organic matter, such as compost or peat moss, can improve drainage and provide essential nutrients. Chrysanthemums are heavy feeders and benefit from aged manure or compost added to the soil. While they generally prefer full sun (at least six hours of direct sunlight per day), Dendranthema can tolerate part shade/part sun, especially in hot climates.
    • Water Needs While these plants need regular watering, especially during the growing season, it is important to avoid overwatering. Allow the soil to dry out slightly between waterings to prevent root rot.
    • Fertilizer Mums are pretty tough and can thrive on their own, but they benefit from light and frequent feedings with a balanced fertilizer during the growing season.
    • Hardiness Zones Most garden mums (Chrysanthemum x morifolium) are hardy in USDA Zones 5 to 9. However, some varieties can tolerate colder winters, even down to Zone 3. Dendranthema also exhibit a similar hardiness range, with some varieties thriving in Zones 5 to 9 and others extending to Zone 3. The key to successful overwintering of garden mums, especially in colder zones, lies in proper planting and care.

    Bloom Times

    Chrysanthemums and Dendranthema are typically known for their fall blooms, with colors ranging from shades of yellow, orange, red, purple, bronze, pink, or white. However, the exact bloom time can vary depending on the variety and climate. Early-blooming cultivars may start flowering in mid-summer, while late-blooming varieties can continue to display their vibrant colors well into autumn.

    Interestingly, the bloom times of chrysanthemums can be manipulated by controlling daylight exposure. Growers often force them to flower at specific times by exposing them to shorter daylight periods and longer dark periods. This explains why you can find blooming mums at any time of year.

    To encourage more blooms, a technique called "pinching" is often used. This involves removing the early season growth to promote branching and the formation of more stems, ultimately leading to more flowers.

    Pests and Diseases

    While generally resilient, chrysanthemums and Dendranthema can be susceptible to certain pests and diseases. Fungal diseases are more prevalent than insect pests.

    Pests

    Pest

    Damage

    Treatment

    Aphids

    Tiny insects that suck plant sap, causing distorted growth and yellowing leaves.

    Use insecticidal soaps or neem oil. Encourage natural predators such as ladybugs.

    Spider Mites

    Minuscule pests that can cause stippling on leaves and, in severe cases, lead to yellowing or bronzing.

    Avoid overcrowding, introduce natural predators like ladybugs, and use horticultural oil or insecticidal soap.

    Leaf Miners

    Insect larvae that tunnel inside leaves, leaving noticeable trails.

    Remove affected leaves and encourage natural predators like spiders and lacewings.

    Japanese Beetles

    Beetles that can cause significant damage by feeding on leaves and flowers.

    Handpick beetles or use traps.

    Diseases

    Disease

    Symptoms

    Management

    Leaf Spots

    Brown or black spots on the foliage.

    Remove infected leaves, ensure proper plant spacing, and avoid overhead watering.

    Powdery Mildew

    White, powdery coating on leaves.

    Improve air circulation, reduce humidity, and use fungicides.

    Rust

    Reddish-brown pustules on the undersides of leaves.

    Remove and destroy infected plants.

    Wilts

    Wilting and even death of the plant.

    Improve soil health and ensure good soil drainage.

    Virus and Viroid Diseases

    Stunting, spindly growth, formation of dense rosettes, small or distorted flowers, streaking and color break.

    Remove and destroy infected plants. Control vector pests.

    Overwintering Tips

    In colder climates, chrysanthemums and Dendranthema may require some extra care to survive the winter. Here are some tips for overwintering these plants:

    • Mulch: Apply a thick layer of mulch, such as straw or pine needles, around the base of the plant to insulate the roots and prevent frost heaving.
    • Water: Continue watering until the first hard frost, then gradually reduce watering as winter approaches.
    • Protect from Wind: If possible, plant mums in a sheltered location to protect them from harsh winter winds.
    • Container Plants: For containerized mums, consider moving them to a protected location, such as an unheated garage or a cold frame. You can also force the plant into dormancy by cutting back the top and storing it in a cool (40-45°F) location like a basement or insulated garage.

    The timing of planting mums is crucial for their winter survival, as early planting allows for better root establishment. It is also recommended to divide mums every other year to maintain their vigor and bloom production.

    Propagation Tips

    Chrysanthemums and Dendranthema can be propagated through various methods, including cuttings and division.

    Cuttings

    To propagate from cuttings:

    1. Take 4-6 inch cuttings from healthy, non-flowering stems.
    2. Remove the lower leaves and dip the cut end in rooting hormone.
    3. Plant the cuttings in a well-draining potting mix.
    4. Keep the soil consistently moist but not waterlogged.
    5. Place the cuttings in indirect sunlight.

    Division

    To propagate by division:

    1. Wait until spring when new growth appears.
    2. Dig up the entire plant clump.
    3. Cut out the old central portion of the clump and discard it.
    4. Divide the remaining portion into sections, ensuring each section has roots and shoots.
    5. Replant the divisions in the desired location.

    Dividing chrysanthemums not only creates new plants but also helps to rejuvenate older clumps and improve their vigor.

    Uses

    Chrysanthemums are versatile plants with various uses in the garden and beyond. They are commonly used for:

    • Borders: Their vibrant colors and varied forms make them excellent border plants.
    • Containers: They thrive in containers, adding a touch of fall color to patios and balconies.
    • Foundations: They can be used to soften the foundation of a house.
    • Massing: Planting them in masses creates a dramatic display of color.
    • Specimens: Some varieties are striking enough to be used as specimen plants.

    Chrysanthemums are also popular cut flowers. To ensure they last longer after harvest, they are often grown at high relative humidity.

    Chrysanthemums and Dendranthema are versatile and rewarding plants that can bring a vibrant touch to any garden. While the names may be used interchangeably, understanding the distinction between Chrysanthemum and Dendranthema can provide valuable context for their history and classification. These plants thrive in fertile, well-drained soil with ample sunlight and require consistent moisture without overwatering.

    Remember that timing is crucial. Plant mums early to allow for proper root establishment before winter and divide them every other year to maintain their vigor. When it comes to propagation, both cuttings and division are effective methods.

    While generally resilient, be mindful of potential pests and diseases, particularly fungal issues. By understanding their specific needs and providing proper care, armed with this knowledge, you can cultivate thriving chrysanthemums and Dendranthema in your garden for years to come.

    Chrysanthemum and Dendranthema FAQ

    It is a bit of a winding story, so buckle up:

    1. The Early Days (Pre-1753):

    • Chrysanthemums were cultivated in China for centuries, even millennia, before formal botanical naming.
    • They were introduced to Japan around the 8th century and became highly significant culturally.
    • Europeans encountered them in the 17th century, with the first known European illustration appearing in 1689.

    2. Linnaeus Enters the Scene (1753):

    • Carl Linnaeus, the father of modern taxonomy, established the genus Chrysanthemum in his landmark work, Species Plantarum.
    • He included several species, but the one that defined the genus (the "type species") was the corn marigold (Chrysanthemum coronarium), a European annual.

    3. The Split (Mid-20th Century):

    • Botanists realized that the widely cultivated garden chrysanthemums, mostly derived from East Asian species, were quite distinct from the corn marigold.
    • In 1961, Russian botanist Nikolai Tzvelev moved these garden mums to a new genus: Dendranthema. This was based on differences in flower structure and chromosome number.
    • This split was controversial, and not universally adopted.

    4. Confusion Reigns:

    • For several decades, there was inconsistency in how these plants were named. Some botanists and horticulturalists used Chrysanthemum, others used Dendranthema.
    • The Dutch, major players in the flower trade, largely adopted Dendranthema, adding to the confusion.

    5. Reunification (1999):

    • To resolve the issue, a proposal was submitted to the International Botanical Congress (IBC), the body governing plant names.
    • The proposal suggested changing the type species of Chrysanthemum from the corn marigold to, an East Asian species closely related to the garden mums.
    • The IBC accepted this in 1999. This meant all those garden chrysanthemums were officially back in the Chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum indicum genus, and Dendranthema became a synonym.

    Why the Change Back?

    • Stability: It ended the confusion and provided a single, universally accepted name.
    • Practicality: Chrysanthemum was already the widely used name in most of the world.
    • Reflecting Relationships: It better aligned the genus name with the most commonly cultivated and economically important chrysanthemums.

    So, while Dendranthema was valid for a time, it is now outdated. But understanding this history helps us appreciate the complexities of plant classification and how scientific knowledge evolves!

    So, Dendranthema is now considered outdated and synonymous with Chrysanthemum.

    This is where things get a little tricky because of the naming history!

    The most accurate scientific name for what was once called Dendranthema is now simply Chrysanthemum.

    Here is why:

    • Historically: Dendranthema was a separate genus created in the mid-20th century to classify the hardy garden mums.
    • Modern Botany: In 1999, botanists decided to merge Dendranthema back into the broader Chrysanthemum genus.

    So, while you might still find older sources using Dendranthema, the current and accepted scientific name is Chrysanthemum.

    Think of it like a family reunion: The garden mums (formerly Dendranthema) were separated from the rest of the Chrysanthemum family for a while, but they have all been brought back together under the same family name.

    Here is an overview of chrysanthemums morphology, keeping in mind that the term Dendranthema is no longer used:

    General Morphology of Chrysanthemum

    • Habit: Most chrysanthemums are herbaceous perennials, meaning they have non-woody stems and die back to the ground in winter, re-emerging in spring. Some species can be slightly woody subshrubs.
    • Roots: They typically have fibrous root systems. Some species may also spread by rhizomes (underground stems).
    • Stems: The stems are usually erect and branched.
    • Leaves:
      • Arrangement: Leaves are arranged alternately along the stems.
      • Shape: Leaf shapes vary, but they are often lobed, pinnatifid (deeply cut), or toothed.
      • Surface: Leaves are often somewhat fleshy and may have a slightly hairy texture.
      • Aroma: Many chrysanthemums have aromatic leaves, which release a distinctive scent when crushed.

    Flowers (Inflorescences):

    • Composite Flower Heads: What we perceive as a single chrysanthemum flower is actually a composite inflorescence made up of many tiny individual flowers called florets.
      • Disc Florets: These are the small, tubular florets in the center of the flower head. They are usually yellow.
      • Ray Florets: These are the petal-like structures that surround the disc florets. They come in a wide variety of colors, including white, yellow, pink, red, purple, orange, and bronze.
    • Flower Head Shapes: Chrysanthemum flower heads exhibit a remarkable diversity of forms, including:
      • Single: Daisy-like with a single row of ray florets.
      • Semi-double: Similar to single but with more than one row of ray florets.
      • Double: Fully double with many rows of ray florets, often obscuring the disc florets.
      • Anemone: A raised center of disc florets surrounded by a ring of flat ray florets.
      • Pompon: Small, round, button-like.
      • Spider: Long, tubular ray florets that resemble spider legs.
      • Spoon: Ray florets with a spoon-like shape.
      • Quill: Straight, tubular ray florets.
    • Bloom Time: Chrysanthemums typically bloom in late summer and fall, though some cultivars are bred to bloom earlier.

    Fruit:

    • Achenes: Chrysanthemums produce dry, one-seeded fruits called achenes. These are similar to sunflower seeds.

    Variations:

    • Size: Chrysanthemums range in size from compact dwarf varieties to taller, bushier types.
    • Color: The color of the ray florets is incredibly diverse, with almost every color except blue represented.
    • Fragrance: Some chrysanthemums have a strong fragrance, while others are nearly scentless.

    Grow some chrysanthemums? Excellent choice. They are rewarding plants that bring a burst of color to the fall garden. Here is a guide to their cultivation, keeping in mind that "Dendranthema" is outdated:

    Planting

    • Timing: Plant in spring or early fall, giving them time to establish before summer heat or winter cold.
    • Location: Choose a sunny spot that receives at least 6 hours of direct sunlight per day. Some afternoon shade is beneficial in hot climates.
    • Soil: Chrysanthemums thrive in well-drained soil that is rich in organic matter. Amend heavy clay soil with compost or other organic matter to improve drainage.
    • Spacing: Space plants 1 to 2 feet apart, depending on the mature size of the cultivar.

    Watering

    • Regular Watering: Water regularly, especially during dry periods, to keep the soil consistently moist but not soggy.
    • Avoid Overhead Watering: Water at the base of the plants to prevent fungal diseases.

    Fertilizing

    • Feed Regularly: Chrysanthemums are heavy feeders. Fertilize with a balanced, slow-release fertilizer in spring and mid-summer.
    • Foliar Feeding: You can also supplement with a liquid fertilizer every few weeks.

    Pinching

    • Encourage Bushy Growth: Pinch back the tips of the stems when they reach about 6 inches tall. Repeat every few weeks until mid-summer. This encourages bushier growth and more flowers.

    Deadheading

    • Prolong Blooming: Remove faded flowers regularly to encourage the plant to produce more blooms and extend the flowering season.

    Supporting

    • Stake Tall Varieties: Taller chrysanthemum varieties may need staking to prevent them from flopping over.

    Dividing

    • Maintain Vigor: Divide chrysanthemum clumps every 2-3 years in spring to maintain plant vigor and prevent overcrowding.

    Overwintering

    • Mulch in Cold Climates: In colder climates (zones 5-6), protect chrysanthemums over winter by mulching around the base of the plants after the first frost.
    • Cut Back in Spring: Cut back the dead stems in early spring before new growth emerges.

    Pests and Diseases

    • Common Pests: Chrysanthemums can be susceptible to aphids, spider mites, leaf miners, and other pests. Monitor plants regularly and treat infestations promptly.
    • Potential Diseases: Keep an eye out for fungal diseases like powdery mildew and leaf spot. Ensure good air circulation and avoid overhead watering to prevent these issues.

    Tips for Success

    • Choose the Right Cultivars: Select chrysanthemum varieties that are suited to your climate and growing conditions.
    • Provide Good Drainage: Ensure the soil drains well to prevent root rot.
    • Do not Overcrowd: Give plants enough space to grow and breathe.
    • Protect from Frost: In colder areas, protect plants from early frosts.

    With proper care, your chrysanthemums will reward you with a spectacular display of fall color! Let me know if you have any other questions. Happy gardening!

    You are thinking about how to best use chrysanthemums in your garden! They are such versatile plants. Here are some design tips to get you started, keeping in mind that "Dendranthema" is outdated:

    1. Consider Color:

    • Bold Statements: Use masses of a single color for a dramatic impact. Imagine a swathe of fiery red 'Emperor of China' or a calming drift of 'Cambodian Queen' in lavender-pink.
    • Complementary Hues: Pair chrysanthemums with plants that have complementary colors for a vibrant display. For instance, yellow mums pop against purple asters, while orange mums glow beside blue salvias.
    • Autumn Echoes: Choose chrysanthemum colors that echo the fall foliage. Bronze and rust-colored mums blend beautifully with the changing leaves.

    2. Play with Texture:

    • Contrast: Combine chrysanthemums with plants that have contrasting textures. The fine texture of ornamental grasses sets off the bolder texture of mums.
    • Foliage Interest: Do not forget about foliage! Chrysanthemums with silver or variegated foliage, like Chrysanthemum pacificum, add another layer of visual interest.

    3. Vary Heights:

    • Create Layers: Combine different chrysanthemum varieties with varying heights to create a dynamic planting. Place taller cultivars at the back of borders and shorter ones in front.
    • Edge with Mums: Use low-growing, mounding mums to edge walkways or define garden beds.

    4. Think Beyond the Border:

    • Container Gardens: Chrysanthemums thrive in pots and planters. This allows you to move them around for pops of color wherever you need them.
    • Rock Gardens: Hardy, low-growing mums like Chrysanthemum zawadskii are excellent additions to rock gardens.

    5. Extend the Season:

    • Succession Planting: Choose chrysanthemum cultivars with different bloom times to enjoy their beauty for an extended period. Start with early bloomers, then move to mid-season and late varieties.

    6. Care Tips for Design Success:

    • Deadheading: Regularly remove faded blooms to encourage more flowers and keep the plants looking tidy.
    • Pinching: Pinch back stems in early summer to promote bushier growth and more blooms.
    • Dividing: Divide clumps every few years to maintain plant vigor and prevent overcrowding.
    • Support: Taller varieties may need staking to prevent flopping.

    Inspiration and Resources:

    • Garden books and magazines: Look for inspiration in garden design publications.
    • Online resources: Websites like the National Chrysanthemum Society and the Royal Horticultural Society offer a wealth of information.
    • Local nurseries: Talk to experts at your local nursery for advice on chrysanthemum varieties that thrive in your area.

    With a little planning and care, chrysanthemums can bring a spectacular burst of color and texture to your fall garden!

    Dendranthema, commonly known as chrysanthemums or mums, offer a multitude of benefits for gardeners seeking beauty and functionality in their landscapes. Here are some key advantages of planting these vibrant flowers:

    • Extended Bloom Time: Unlike many flowering plants, Dendranthema boast extended bloom times, typically lasting from late summer to late fall. This extended period of colorful blossoms adds vibrancy and visual interest to your garden throughout the season, requiring less replanting throughout the year.
    • Diverse Color Palette: Dendranthema come in a dazzling array of colors, ranging from classic yellow and white to vibrant pinks, reds, oranges, and purples. This vast color selection allows you to create stunning color combinations and personalize your garden to suit your taste.
    • Low-Maintenance Care: Dendranthema are low-maintenance plants, thriving with minimal care once established. They are tolerant of a wide range of soil conditions and require moderate watering. Additionally, many varieties are resistant to common pests and diseases, reducing the need for pesticides or fungicides.
    • Attracts Pollinators: Dendranthema's vibrant blooms and sweet fragrance attract a variety of beneficial pollinators, including bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds. These pollinators play a crucial role in maintaining a healthy ecosystem by aiding in the reproduction of other plants.
    • Culinary and Medicinal Uses: While not all varieties are suitable for consumption, certain Dendranthema species have culinary and medicinal uses in various cultures. The petals of some varieties can be used in teas, salads, or as garnishes, while some cultures utilize specific types of Dendranthema in traditional medicine. Always consult with a qualified professional before consuming any plant for medicinal purposes.
    • Symbolism and Cultural Significance: In many cultures, Dendranthema hold symbolic meaning. In Asian cultures, they often symbolize longevity, happiness, and good fortune. Understanding the cultural significance of these flowers can add another layer of meaning to your garden.
    • Versatility in Use: Dendranthema's diverse forms and sizes make them suitable for various planting applications. They can be planted in flower beds, borders, containers, or even used as cut flowers for stunning indoor arrangements.
    • Easy Propagation: Dendranthema can be easily propagated through division or stem cuttings, allowing you to expand your collection and share these beautiful flowers with others.

    By incorporating Dendranthema into your garden, you can enjoy a profusion of long-lasting blooms, attract essential pollinators, and create a visually captivating and culturally significant addition to your landscape.

    Dendranthema, commonly known as chrysanthemums or mums, are vibrant and diverse flowering plants belonging to the Asteraceae family. They are native to East Asia and northeastern Europe and offer a range of characteristics that make them popular choices for gardeners:

    • Flower Diversity: Dendranthema boast a remarkable diversity in flower form, size, and color.
    • Flower Forms: They come in single, double, and anemone-like flower forms, offering a variety of visual textures to your garden.
    • Flower Sizes: Bloom sizes can range from small, button-like flowers to large, impressive blooms, allowing you to choose varieties that suit your specific needs and preferences.
    • Color Palette: Dendranthema come in a dazzling array of colors, encompassing classic yellow and white, vibrant pinks, reds, oranges, and purples. This vast color selection allows you to create stunning color combinations and personalize your garden to your taste.
    • Long Blooming Season: Unlike many flowering plants, Dendranthema boast extended bloom times, typically lasting from late summer to late fall. This extended period of colorful blossoms adds vibrancy and visual interest to your garden throughout the season, requiring less replanting throughout the year.
    • Adaptable and Low Maintenance: Dendranthema are low-maintenance plants, thriving in various climates and soil conditions. They are tolerant of a wide range of soil types, from well-drained to moderately moist soils, and prefer full sun to partial shade. Once established, they require moderate watering and are resistant to common pests and diseases, making them a good choice for beginner gardeners.
    • Easy Propagation: Dendranthema can be easily propagated through division or stem cuttings, allowing you to expand your collection and share these beautiful flowers with others.
    • Cultural Significance: In many cultures, Dendranthema hold symbolic meaning. In Asian cultures, they often symbolize longevity, happiness, and good fortune. Understanding the cultural significance of these flowers can add another layer of meaning to your garden.

    Current Classification:

    • Kingdom: Plantae (plants)
    • Clade: Tracheophytes (vascular plants)
    • Clade: Angiosperms (flowering plants)
    • Clade: Eudicots
    • Clade: Asterids
    • Order: Asterales
    • Family: Asteraceae (the aster, daisy, or sunflower family)
    • Genus: Chrysanthemum
      • This genus includes a wide variety of species, from the familiar garden mums to the corn marigold and other lesser-known types.

    Important Note: The genus Dendranthema is no longer recognized. It was used for a period to separate the garden chrysanthemums, but they have been officially brought back under Chrysanthemum.

    Why the Asteraceae Family?

    Chrysanthemums share key characteristics with other members of the Asteraceae family:

    • Inflorescence: What we think of as a single flower is actually a composite flower head (inflorescence) made up of many tiny individual flowers (florets).
      • Disc florets: These are the tiny tubular flowers in the center of the flower head.
      • Ray florets: These are the petal-like structures surrounding the disc florets.
    • Fruit: They produce a type of dry fruit called an achene (similar to a sunflower seed).

    Beyond the Basics:

    Within the Chrysanthemum genus, there are further classifications:

    • Sections: The genus is divided into sections based on shared characteristics. For example, Chrysanthemum indicum and many garden mums belong to the section Dendranthema (yes, the old genus name lives on as a section name!).
    • Species: There are numerous species within the genus, each with its own distinct features.
    • Cultivars: These are cultivated varieties bred for specific traits like flower color, size, and form. There are thousands of chrysanthemum cultivars available!

    Planting Dendranthema, also known as chrysanthemums or mums, is a straightforward process that can be accomplished with minimal effort. Here is a step-by-step guide to ensure their successful growth:

    Choosing the Right Time:

    • The ideal time to plant Dendranthema depends on your climate and the type of Dendranthema you choose.
    • Spring or early fall are considered the best times to plant as the temperatures are mild and the risk of frost is minimal.
    • For colder climates (USDA zones 3-6), planting in early spring allows the plants to establish themselves before winter.
    • In warmer climates (USDA zones 7-10), planting in early fall is often preferred to avoid the summer heat.

    Selecting the Planting Location:

    • Choose a location that receives full sun to partial shade. Aim for at least 6-8 hours of sunlight per day.
    • Ensure the soil is well-drained to prevent root rot. You can amend the soil with compost or other organic matter to improve drainage and provide essential nutrients.

    Planting Steps:

    • Dig a hole slightly larger than the root ball of your Dendranthema plant.
    • Gently remove the plant from its container and loosen any tightly bound roots.
    • Place the plant in the hole, ensuring the crown (the point where the stem meets the roots) is level with the soil surface.
    • Backfill the hole with soil and gently tamp it down to remove air pockets.
    • Water the plant thoroughly to settle the soil and hydrate the roots.

    Aftercare:

    • Water your Dendranthema regularly, especially during the first few weeks after planting or during dry periods. Aim to keep the soil consistently moist but not waterlogged.
    • Apply a layer of mulch around the base of the plant to retain moisture, suppress weeds, and regulate soil temperature.
    • Fertilize your Dendranthema with a balanced fertilizer according to the manufacturer's instructions. Once a month during the growing season is sufficient.
    • Deadheading spent blooms by removing them just below the flower head will encourage further blooming throughout the season.
    • Pinch back your Dendranthema stems (optional) during the early stages of growth to promote bushier, more compact plants with increased flower production. Pinch the growing tips of the stems regularly until mid-summer.

    By following these simple steps, you can successfully plant and care for your Dendranthema, enjoying their vibrant blooms for weeks to come. Remember that specific requirements might vary slightly depending on the specific variety of Dendranthema you choose, so consulting the plant label or a local gardening expert for additional guidance is always recommended.

    Mass planting chrysanthemum can create a truly breathtaking display in the fall landscape. Here is how to make the most of it, keeping in mind that "Dendranthema" is no longer used:

    Choosing the Right Chrysanthemums

    • Unified Color: For maximum impact, select a single cultivar with a color that complements your existing landscape. Imagine a sea of 'Sheffield Pink' or a vibrant carpet of 'Red Velvet'.
    • Complementary Colors: If you prefer variety, choose two or three cultivars with colors that harmonize. Think about warm tones like yellows, oranges, and reds, or cool tones like purples, pinks, and whites.
    • Consider Bloom Time: Ensure all your chosen cultivars have similar bloom times for a synchronized show of color.
    • Growth Habit: Choose cultivars with a uniform growth habit for a cohesive look. Consider mounding varieties for a rounded effect or upright types for a more formal appearance.

    Preparing the Planting Area

    • Sunlight: Select a site that receives full sun to partial shade.
    • Soil: Chrysanthemums prefer well-drained soil. Amend heavy clay soil with compost or other organic matter to improve drainage.
    • Spacing: Space plants according to their mature size, typically 1 to 2 feet apart. This allows for good air circulation and prevents overcrowding.

    Planting and Care

    • Planting Time: Plant chrysanthemums in spring or early fall, giving them time to establish before winter or summer heat.
    • Watering: Water regularly, especially during dry periods, but avoid overwatering.
    • Fertilizing: Feed with a balanced fertilizer in spring and mid-summer.
    • Pinching: Pinch back stems in early summer to encourage bushier growth and more blooms.
    • Deadheading: Remove faded flowers to promote continuous blooming and maintain a tidy appearance.
    • Mulching: Apply a layer of mulch around the plants to conserve moisture and suppress weeds.
    • Winter Protection: In colder climates, protect mums over winter with a layer of mulch after the first frost.

    Design Tips for Mass Planting

    • Large Blocks of Color: Plant large drifts or blocks of a single cultivar for a bold and dramatic effect.
    • Repeating Patterns: Create repeating patterns with different colors or varieties for a more formal or structured look.
    • Edge with Mums: Use mass plantings of low-growing mums to define borders, pathways, or garden beds.
    • Combine with Other Plants: Integrate chrysanthemums with other fall-blooming perennials like asters, sedums, and ornamental grasses for a tapestry of textures and colors.

    Inspiration and Resources

    • Public gardens: Visit local botanical gardens or arboretums for inspiration on mass planting designs.
    • Garden books and magazines: Explore design ideas in gardening publications.
    • Online resources: Websites like the National Chrysanthemum Society and the Royal Horticultural Society offer a wealth of information.

    With careful planning and the right chrysanthemum varieties, you can create a stunning mass planting that will be the envy of the neighborhood! Let your creativity bloom!

    Dendranthema, commonly known as chrysanthemums or mums, encompass a vast array of varieties with diverse characteristics. Here are some popular classifications to explore:

    By Bloom Form:

    • Single Bloom: These feature a single ring of petals surrounding a central disc of disc florets, offering a simple and elegant look.
    • Double Bloom: These boast multiple layers of petals, creating a fuller and showier appearance.
    • Anemone-Form: These resemble anemones, featuring a single ring of petals surrounding a prominent central disc of disc florets, often with different colored disc florets compared to the petals.

    By Bloom Size:

    • Large-flowered: These varieties produce impressive blooms, often exceeding four inches in diameter, making a bold statement in the garden.
    • Medium-flowered: These versatile varieties offer a good balance between size and visual impact, typically ranging from 2 to 4 inches in diameter.
    • Small-flowered or Button-type: These compact blooms, usually under two inches in diameter, add a charming touch to borders and containers.

    By Bloom Time:

    • Early-blooming: These varieties typically flower from late summer to early fall, adding color to your garden as the days begin to shorten.
    • Mid-season blooming: These varieties flower in the heart of fall, offering a vibrant display during the peak autumn season.
    • Late-blooming: These varieties flower in late fall, sometimes even extending into early winter in mild climates, providing a colorful burst as the season concludes.

    Popular Varieties:

    Within these classifications, countless named varieties exist, each offering unique characteristics. Here are a few popular examples:

    • 'Sheffield Pink': This mid-season bloomer features large, double, pink blooms and is known for its reliable performance.
    • 'Bronze Deborah': This late-blooming variety boasts large, single, bronze-colored blooms with a prominent yellow center disc.
    • 'Clara Curtis': This mid-season bloomer features anemone-form flowers with white petals and a burgundy center disc, adding a touch of elegance to the garden.
    • 'Spider White': This early-blooming variety features single, white blooms with long, spidery petals, creating a unique and eye-catching display.
    • 'Cranbury': This mid-season bloomer produces button-type, deep red blooms, perfect for adding pops of color to containers or borders.

    Remember that this is just a small selection of the vast array of Dendranthema varieties available. With a little exploration, you are sure to find the perfect variety to add beauty and vibrancy to your garden.

    The range of sizes in the chrysanthemum world is quite diverse. Here is a general overview, keeping in mind that "Dendranthema" is outdated:

    Chrysanthemum Heights

    Chrysanthemums come in a wide array of heights, from compact dwarf varieties that hug the ground to taller types that can reach several feet. Here is a rough breakdown:  

    • Dwarf: 6-12 inches tall. These are great for edging borders, rock gardens, or containers.
    • Short: 12-18 inches tall. These work well in the front of borders or as mass plantings.
    • Medium: 18-36 inches tall. These are versatile and can be used in various garden settings.
    • Tall: 36-48 inches or more. These often need staking and are best suited for the back of borders.

    Factors Affecting Height

    Several factors can influence the eventual height of a chrysanthemum:

    • Cultivar: Different cultivars have inherent height ranges. Some are naturally compact, while others tend to be taller.
    • Growing Conditions: Environmental factors like sunlight, soil fertility, and water availability can affect growth.
    • Pinching: Pinching back stems encourages bushier growth and can sometimes result in slightly shorter plants.

    Examples of Heights by Cultivar

    Here are a few examples to illustrate the range:

    • Chrysanthemum zawadskii 'Clara Curtis': 12-18 inches tall
    • Chrysanthemum 'Sheffield Pink': 2-3 feet tall
    • Chrysanthemum 'Cambodian Queen': 2-3 feet tall
    • Chrysanthemum 'Autumn Joy': 3-4 feet tall

    Caring for Dendranthema, also known as chrysanthemums or mums, is simple and rewarding. Here is a comprehensive guide to ensure their health and vibrant blooms:

    Watering:

    • Regular watering is crucial, especially during the first few weeks after planting and during dry periods. Aim to keep the soil consistently moist but not waterlogged. Overwatering can lead to root rot.
    • Water deeply at the base of the plant rather than sprinkling lightly. This encourages the roots to grow deep and strong.
    • During periods of rain, adjust your watering schedule accordingly.

    Sunlight:

    • Dendranthema thrive in full sun to partial shade. Aim for at least 6-8 hours of sunlight per day for optimal growth and flowering.
    • Too little sunlight can lead to leggy plants with fewer blooms.

    Soil:

    • Dendranthema prefer well-drained soil to prevent root rot. Sandy loam is ideal, but they can adapt to various soil types with proper amendments.
    • If your soil is heavy clay, consider amending it with compost or other organic matter to improve drainage.

    Fertilizing:

    • Fertilize your Dendranthema with a balanced fertilizer according to the manufacturer's instructions. Once a month during the growing season (spring and summer) is sufficient.
    • Overfertilizing can harm the plant and encourage excessive foliage growth at the expense of blooms.

    Deadheading:

    • Regularly deadhead spent blooms by removing them just below the flower head. This encourages continuous blooming throughout the season and promotes a tidier appearance.

    Pinching (optional):

    • Pinching back the stems during the early stages of growth (spring and early summer) can promote bushier, more compact plants with increased flower production. Pinch the growing tips of the stems regularly until mid-summer.
    • This practice is optional and not necessary for all varieties.

    Mulching:

    • Apply a layer of mulch around the base of the plant to retain moisture, suppress weeds, and regulate soil temperature. Organic mulches like wood chips or shredded bark are preferable.

    Winter Care:

    • In colder climates (USDA zones 3-6), some Dendranthema varieties may not survive the winter. You can either cover the plants with mulch or straw to protect them or bring them indoors and place them in a cool, sunny location.
    • In warmer climates (USDA zones 7-10), most Dendranthema will survive the winter outdoors. However, you can still provide them with a light layer of mulch for added protection.

    Additional Tips:

    • Divide established Dendranthema plants every 2-3 years to maintain their vigor and prevent overcrowding.
    • Be aware of potential pests and diseases like aphids, spider mites, and powdery mildew. Treat them promptly with organic methods or insecticidal soap if necessary.
    • Consult your local nursery or gardening expert for specific advice on caring for Dendranthema varieties in your region.

    By following these simple guidelines, you can ensure your Dendranthema thrive and bring their vibrant blooms to your garden for many seasons to come.

    Thinking like a true gardener! A calendar of care is a great way to keep your chrysanthemums thriving. Here is a seasonal guide, remembering that "Dendranthema" is outdated:

    Spring

    • March - April:
      • Divide clumps: If needed, divide established chrysanthemum clumps to maintain vigor.
      • Plant new mums: Get new chrysanthemums in the ground as soon as the soil can be worked.
      • Start fertilizing: Begin feeding with a balanced, slow-release fertilizer.
      • Pinch early growth: When new shoots reach about 6 inches tall, pinch back the tips to encourage bushy growth. Repeat every few weeks.
    • May - June:
      • Continue pinching: Keep pinching back new growth to promote more branching and flowers.
      • Monitor for pests: Be vigilant for aphids, spider mites, and other pests.
      • Water regularly: Provide consistent moisture, especially during dry spells.

    Summer

    • July - August:
      • Stop pinching: Stop pinching back growth in mid-summer to allow flower buds to form.
      • Stake tall varieties: If needed, provide support for taller chrysanthemums to prevent flopping.
      • Monitor for diseases: Watch for signs of fungal diseases like powdery mildew.

    Fall

    • September - October:
      • Enjoy the blooms! This is the peak season for chrysanthemum flowers.
      • Deadhead regularly: Remove faded flowers to encourage more blooms and keep plants looking tidy.
      • Protect from frost: In colder areas, be prepared to protect plants from early frosts with row covers or mulch.

    Winter

    • November - February:
      • Mulch in cold climates: After the first frost, apply a layer of mulch around the base of the plants to protect them over winter.
      • Cut back stems: In late winter or early spring, cut back the dead stems to make way for new growth.

    Important Notes

    • Adjust for your climate: This calendar is a general guide. You may need to adjust the timing of tasks based on your specific climate and growing conditions.
    • Observe your plants: Pay close attention to your chrysanthemums throughout the year. They will give you clues about their needs.
    • Consult local resources: For specific advice on chrysanthemum care in your area, reach out to your local extension office or garden center.

    With this calendar and a bit of attentive care, your chrysanthemums will reward you with a stunning display of fall color year after year!

    Dendranthema, commonly known as chrysanthemums or mums, are effective at attracting pollinators like bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds to your garden. Here is why:

    • Attractive blooms: Dendranthema offer a diverse range of colors, including yellow, orange, red, pink, purple, and white, which are highly attractive to pollinators. These vibrant colors often serve as visual cues for pollinators, guiding them towards the nectar and pollen-rich flowers.
    • Rich nectar source: Dendranthema produce abundant nectar, a sweet, sugary liquid that provides essential energy for pollinators. This nectar is readily available to pollinators due to the open and accessible structure of the flowers.
    • Pollen availability: Dendranthema also offer pollen, a source of protein and essential nutrients for pollinators, particularly bees. The pollen is easily accessible to pollinators due to the open flower structure and the presence of pollen on the disc florets in the center of the blooms.
    • Bloom time: Many Dendranthema varieties flower in late summer and fall, a time when many other flowering plants have finished blooming. This extended bloom period provides a valuable food source for pollinators when resources may be scarce.

    By attracting pollinators, Dendranthema contribute to the health and biodiversity of your garden ecosystem. Pollinators play a crucial role in plant reproduction by transferring pollen between flowers, ensuring the development of fruits and seeds. Additionally, the presence of pollinators can enhance the fruit set of other plants in your garden, leading to a greater harvest.

    Here are some additional points to consider:

    • Double-flowered varieties: While still attractive to pollinators, double-flowered varieties with many layers of petals may have less accessible nectar and pollen compared to single-flowered varieties.
    • Pesticide use: Avoid using pesticides on your Dendranthema, as this can harm pollinators alongside the intended pests.

    Overall, Dendranthema offer a beautiful and practical addition to your garden, attracting pollinators and contributing to a healthy ecosystem while providing you with vibrant blooms throughout the season.

    Yes, even though Dendranthema are considered low-maintenance plants, they can be susceptible to certain pests and diseases. Here is a breakdown of some common ones to watch out for:

    Pests:

    • Aphids: These small, soft-bodied insects suck the sap from leaves and stems, causing stunted growth, wilting, and yellowing leaves.
    • Thrips: These tiny, slender insects also feed on plant sap, leaving behind silvery markings on leaves and causing distorted flowers.
    • Leafminers: The larvae of various moth species tunnel within the leaves, creating unsightly winding trails and affecting the plant's health.
    • Slugs and snails: These slimy creatures feed on leaves and flowers, leaving behind ragged edges and slime trails.

    Diseases:

    • Powdery mildew: This fungal disease appears as white powdery patches on leaves and stems, hindering plant growth and reducing photosynthesis.
    • Botrytis blight (gray mold): This fungal disease thrives in cool, humid conditions, causing flowers and buds to rot and turn brown or gray.
    • Leaf spots: Fungal or bacterial leaf spots can cause brown, yellow, or black spots to form on leaves, affecting their appearance and potentially compromising the plant's health.
    • Verticillium wilt: This fungal disease causes wilting, yellowing, and stunting of the plant, often starting from one side, and gradually progressing upwards.

    Prevention is key:

    • Maintaining good garden hygiene: Regularly remove fallen leaves and debris around the plants to eliminate potential harboring spots for pests and diseases.
    • Promoting air circulation: Provide adequate spacing between plants and avoid overcrowding to improve air circulation and prevent moisture buildup, which can favor fungal diseases.
    • Watering practices: Water at the base of the plant and avoid wetting the leaves, which can encourage fungal diseases.
    • Choosing resistant varieties: Opt for Dendranthema varieties known to be resistant to specific pests and diseases prevalent in your region.

    Addressing existing problems:

    • For minor infestations or outbreaks: Use insecticidal soap, neem oil, or other organic methods to manage pests. For severe infestations, consult a local nursery or gardening expert for guidance on appropriate control measures.
    • For fungal diseases: Remove and discard affected plant parts and apply fungicides if necessary. Always follow label instructions and safety precautions when using any pesticides or fungicides.

    By being proactive with preventative measures and addressing any issues promptly, you can help ensure your Dendranthema thrive and remain vibrant additions to your garden.

    Yes, Dendranthema, commonly known as chrysanthemums or mums, are excellent choices for floral arrangements. They offer several advantages that make them popular among florists and flower enthusiasts:

    • Long-lasting blooms: Dendranthema boast extended bloom times, typically lasting for several weeks in a vase, adding vibrancy and beauty to your arrangements for longer.
    • Diverse variety: Dendranthema come in a wide range of colors, sizes, and flower forms, allowing you to create diverse and visually stunning arrangements. From single and double blooms to spider and anemone forms, the options cater to various styles and preferences.
    • Availability: Dendranthema are widely available throughout the fall season, making them a reliable choice for arrangements during this time.
    • Relatively low maintenance: Once cut and placed in a vase, Dendranthema require minimal care. Simply ensure the water level remains fresh and cool, and recut the stems every few days to promote water uptake.

    Here are some additional tips for using Dendranthema in floral arrangements:

    • Choose blooms at the right stage: Select flowers that are partially open with firm petals for optimal vase life. Avoid fully open blooms or those with wilting or damaged petals.
    • Prepare the stems: Cut the stems diagonally with a sharp knife to increase water absorption. Remove any foliage that will be below the water line in the vase.
    • Use a clean vase: Fill the vase with cool, clean water and add a floral preservative according to the manufacturer's instructions to extend the life of the blooms.
    • Condition the flowers: Allow the flowers to hydrate in cool water for a few hours before arranging them.
    • Combined with other elements: Dendranthema pair well with various flowers, foliage, and decorative elements. Experiment with different combinations to create unique and personalized arrangements.

    While Dendranthema are considered safe for most people, it is important to note that some individuals may have pollen allergies. If you are concerned about allergies, it is best to choose another type of flower for your arrangement.

    Overall, Dendranthema offer a versatile and beautiful option for adding color, texture, and long-lasting vibrancy to your floral arrangements.

    The invasiveness of Dendranthema, commonly known as chrysanthemums or mums, depends on the specific species and location.

    Here is a breakdown to consider:

    Generally:

    Most cultivated varieties of Dendranthema are not considered invasive. They are sterile or produce infertile seeds, limiting their ability to spread and establish themselves in natural ecosystems.

    However, a few species and specific cultivars can be invasive in certain regions and pose a threat to native plant communities.

    Examples:

    • Dendranthema x grandiflorum (Florist's chrysanthemum): This species is listed as invasive in some parts of North America, including the Pacific Northwest and the Northeast. It can readily spread through seed dispersal and vegetative reproduction, potentially displacing native plants and disrupting natural habitats.
    • Other potentially invasive species: Dendranthema zawadzkii (Korean chrysanthemum) and Dendranthema indicum (East Asian chrysanthemum) are also listed as invasive in some areas.

    Here is what you can do:

    • Before planting any Dendranthema, research the specific variety and its potential invasiveness in your region. Reliable sources include your local cooperative extension office, native plant societies, and reputable online resources.
    • Opt for non-invasive varieties: Many beautiful and readily available cultivated varieties of Dendranthema are not invasive. Choose these varieties to enjoy their blooms without contributing to the spread of invasive plants.
    • Responsible gardening practices: Even with non-invasive varieties, it is important to practice responsible gardening. Avoid letting flower heads go to seed and dispose of plant waste properly to prevent any accidental spread.

    By being informed and making responsible choices, you can enjoy the beauty of Dendranthema while minimizing any potential environmental impact.

    The best time to propagate Dendranthema, also known as chrysanthemums or mums, depends on the chosen method:

    Division:

    • Spring (late March to early May) is considered the ideal time for dividing established Dendranthema plants.
    • During this period, the plants are actively growing and have enough time to establish themselves before winter.
    • Fall (after flowering and before the first frost) can also be an option in warmer climates (USDA zones 7-10). However, ensure the new divisions have sufficient time to root before winter arrives.

    Stem Cuttings:

    • Early summer (June to July) is the best time to take stem cuttings for propagation.
    • During this time, the stems are soft enough to root easily but mature enough to have developed nodes for root growth.

    Here is a summary table for your reference:

    Propagation Method

    Best Time

    Division

    Spring (late March to early May) or Fall (after flowering, before frost) in warmer climates (zones 7-10)

    Stem Cuttings

    Early summer (June to July)

    Additional factors to consider:

    • Local climate: Always adjust the timing based on your specific climate and growing conditions. Warmer regions may have a longer window for both division and stem cuttings.
    • Plant variety: Certain varieties may have specific preferences for propagation timing. Consult information specific to the variety you are propagating for any recommendations.

    By following these guidelines and considering the specific factors mentioned, you can increase your chances of successfully propagating your Dendranthema and enjoying these beautiful flowers for years to come.

    Dendranthema/Chrysanthemum Species, Groups and Cultivars

    Just a reminder: While the term Dendranthema was used for a while, it is now outdated. The correct and current genus name for all these plants is Chrysanthemum.

    Here's how chrysanthemums are generally organized:

    1. Species:

    • There are estimated to be around 40 species within the Chrysanthemum genus.
    • Some notable species include:
      • Chrysanthemum indicum: One of the parent species of many garden mums.
      • Chrysanthemum morifolium: Another important parent species, especially for florist's chrysanthemums.
      • Chrysanthemum zawadskii: A hardy species with white or pink flowers, native to Eurasia.
      • Chrysanthemum coronarium: The corn marigold, a European annual with yellow flowers.
      • Chrysanthemum pacificum: Known for its attractive, silvery-edged foliage.

    2. Groups (Classifications based on bloom form and timing):

    These are horticultural classifications, not strictly botanical ones, used to categorize the vast array of cultivated chrysanthemums. Some common groups include:

    • Incurved: Globular blooms with petals curving inward.
    • Reflexed: Blooms with petals curving outward and downward.
    • Anemone: Blooms with a raised center of tubular florets surrounded by flat petals.
    • Pompon: Small, round, button-like blooms.
    • Single and semi-double: Daisy-like blooms with a single or double row of petals.
    • Spider: Blooms with long, tubular petals that resemble spider legs.
    • Spoon: Blooms with petals that have a spoon-like shape.
    • Quill: Blooms with straight, tubular petals.
    • Early, mid-season, and late: Classifications based on when they bloom.

    3. Cultivars:

    • These are named varieties produced through breeding and selection.
    • There are thousands of chrysanthemum cultivars with a wide range of colors, shapes, sizes, and bloom times.
    • Some popular cultivars include:
      • 'Sheffield Pink': A garden mum with single, apricot-pink flowers.
      • 'Clara Curtis': A hardy cultivar with pink flowers.
      • 'Cambodian Queen': A vigorous cultivar with lavender-pink flowers.
      • 'Autumn Moon': A pale yellow garden mum.

    Where to Find More Information:

    • National Chrysanthemum Society (USA): This organization provides resources and information on chrysanthemum classification, cultivation, and shows.
    • Royal Horticultural Society (RHS): The RHS website has a plant finder tool where you can search for chrysanthemum cultivars and get details about their characteristics.

    Chrysanthemum 'Sheffield Pink', a charming and old-fashioned variety of garden mum. Remember that Dendranthema is an outdated name, though you might still see it used sometimes.

    Here is what I can tell you about this lovely plant:

    • Appearance:
      • Produces masses of single, daisy-like flowers in a soft apricot-pink hue with golden yellow centers.
      • Blooms profusely in late summer and fall, providing a beautiful display as the gardening season winds down.
      • Has lobed, medium-green foliage that forms a bushy clump.
      • Typically grows 2-3 feet tall and wide.
    • Cultivation:
      • Thrives in full sun to light shade.
      • Prefers well-drained soil, even poor soil.
      • Benefits from pinching back stems in late spring to mid-summer to encourage bushier growth and more abundant blooms.
      • Hardy in USDA Zones 5-9.
      • May need winter protection in colder zones (mulching after the first frost is helpful).
    • Uses:
      • A popular choice for borders, cottage gardens, and mass plantings.
      • Excellent for cut flower arrangements.
      • Attracts butterflies and other pollinators to the garden.
    • Other Names:
      • Sometimes listed as Chrysanthemum 'Hillside Sheffield Pink' or Chrysanthemum 'Single Apricot'.
      • You might also find it under the older name Dendranthema 'Sheffield Pink'.

    If you are considering adding this chrysanthemum to your garden, I would recommend checking with local nurseries or online plant retailers for availability. It is a delightful and easy-to-grow variety that brings a touch of classic charm to autumn landscapes.

    The plant known as Dendranthema 'Sheffield Pink' is also commonly referred to as Chrysanthemum 'Sheffield Pink'. This beautiful perennial is known for its stunning apricot-pink daisy-like flowers with golden centers, which bloom profusely from late summer to frost2.

    Here are some key details about this plant:

    • Height and Spread: It typically grows 2-3 feet tall and wide.
    • Sun and Soil: Prefers full sun and well-drained soil2.
    • Maintenance: It is a low-maintenance plant that tolerates heat and drought.
    • Attracts Wildlife: The flowers are attractive to butterflies2.

    Whether you call it Dendranthema or Chrysanthemum, 'Sheffield Pink' is a fantastic addition to any garden, offering vibrant color and resilience.

    Just to recap, it is officially known as Chrysanthemum 'Sheffield Pink', though you might stumble upon older references to Dendranthema 'Sheffield Pink'. It is also sometimes marketed as 'Hillside Sheffield Pink' or 'Single Apricot'.

    Here is a quick rundown of its key features:

    • Charming Blooms: Produces abundant single, daisy-like flowers in a delicate apricot-pink shade with sunny yellow centers.
    • Fall Color: A profuse bloomer in late summer and fall, bringing vibrant color to the garden as other plants fade.
    • Growth Habit: Forms a bushy clump of lobed, medium-green foliage, typically reaching 2-3 feet tall and wide.
    • Easy Care: Prefers full sun to light shade and well-drained soil. Benefits from pinching back stems in late spring to encourage a bushier form and more flowers.
    • Hardiness: Hardy in USDA Zones 5-9 but may need some winter protection (like mulching) in colder regions.

    Why gardeners love it:

    • Classic Beauty: Its simple, elegant flowers have a timeless appeal.
    • Long Bloom Season: Provides weeks of color in the late season.
    • Versatile: Works well in borders, cottage gardens, mass plantings, and even containers.
    • Pollinator-Friendly: Attracts butterflies and other beneficial insects.
    • Great for Cutting: Makes lovely additions to bouquets and floral arrangements.

    If you are looking for a reliable and charming chrysanthemum to brighten your autumn garden, 'Sheffield Pink' is definitely a fantastic choice!

    Chrysanthemum indicum holds a special place in the chrysanthemum world.

    Key Features:

    • Appearance:
      • It is a bushy perennial that typically grows about 1-3 feet tall.
      • The leaves are dark green, aromatic, and deeply lobed.
      • It produces small, daisy-like flowers, usually with yellow or white petals (ray florets) and yellow centers (disc florets).
    • Origin: Native to East Asia, particularly China, Korea, and Japan. It has been cultivated for centuries in these regions.
    • Significance: It is considered one of the parent species of many modern garden chrysanthemums. Through hybridization and breeding, it has contributed to the incredible diversity of colors and forms we see in mums today.
    • Uses:
      • Ornamental: It is grown for its cheerful flowers and attractive foliage.
      • Traditional Medicine: In some parts of Asia, it is used in herbal medicine for various ailments.
      • Tea: The leaves can be used to make a fragrant tea.
    • Growing Conditions:
      • Prefers full sun to partial shade.
      • Thrives in well-drained soil.
      • Hardy in USDA Zones 5-9.

    Interesting Fact:

    Chrysanthemum indicum played a pivotal role in the resolution of the Chrysanthemum/Dendranthema naming debate. When botanists decided to merge the two genera, they chose C. indicum as the new "type species" for Chrysanthemum. This solidified the classification of garden mums within the Chrysanthemum genus.

    Here are some interesting facts about Chrysanthemum x morifolium, also known as the Autumn Mum:

    1. Name Origin: The name "Chrysanthemum" comes from the Greek words "chrysos" (gold) and "anthemon" (flower), reflecting the plant's golden blooms.
    2. Flower Variety: These flowers come in a wide range of colors, from brownish shades to pastels and vibrant yellows. They can be solid, bi-color, or edged with another color.
    3. Edible Flowers: The petals and flower buds are used to make a sweet drink in Asia and a wine in Korea.
    4. Butterfly Magnet: The flowers attract butterflies, making them a great addition to a pollinator garden.
    5. Growth Habit: Autumn mums form erect mounds that can reach 1 to 3 feet tall and 1 to 2 feet wide.
    6. Maintenance Tip: To encourage bushy, compact growth, cut them back three times during the spring and summer, with the last cut around August 15th.

    Chrysanthemum zawadskii, as the genus Dendranthema is no longer used.

    • Common Names: Zawadzki chrysanthemum, Arctic daisy, Clara Curtis chrysanthemum (for a popular cultivar)
    • Origin: Native to a wide swathe of Eurasia, from Eastern Europe across Siberia and down to Korea and Japan. It is found in diverse habitats, including mountains, grasslands, and forests.
    • Appearance:
      • Compact, clump-forming perennial growing from creeping rhizomes.
      • Reaches about 12-18 inches tall.
      • Daisy-like flowers, typically with white rays and yellow center disks, up to 2 3/8 inches across.
      • Pinnately lobed leaves, with upper leaves smaller and sometimes entire.
    • Cultivation:
      • Hardy to Zone 4, so it tolerates cold well.
      • Prefers full sun to light shade.
      • Does best in well-drained soil, even poor soil.
      • Benefits from division every 2-3 years.
    • Uses:
      • Popular in gardens for its late-season blooms and hardiness.
      • The 'Clara Curtis' cultivar is especially well-known for its pink flowers.
      • Used in breeding to create frost-hardy Korean chrysanthemums.