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    • Lychnis

    Bright, Long-Blooming Perennials

    Lychnis offers a delightful combination of beauty and resilience, making it a valuable addition to many gardens. Here is why you should consider it:

    • Vibrant, Eye-Catching Flowers: Lychnis produces clusters of brightly colored flowers in shades of red, pink, magenta, orange, and white. The flowers often have a unique, fringed or notched appearance, adding to their charm.
    • Long Bloom Time: Enjoy weeks, and often months, of color from late spring or early summer well into the summer months, depending on the species.
    • Attracts Pollinators: Butterflies and hummingbirds are drawn to Lychnis's nectar-rich flowers, making it a great choice for pollinator-friendly gardens.
    • Easy to Grow: Lychnis is generally low-maintenance and adaptable to a range of conditions, once established.
    • Versatile in the Garden: Excellent for cottage gardens, mixed borders, rock gardens, and naturalized areas. Some varieties are also suitable for containers.
    • Deer Resistant (Generally): While no plant is entirely deer-proof, Lychnis is often less appealing to deer than other flowering plants.
    • Hardiness Zones: Most Lychnis species are hardy in Zones 4-8 (some may tolerate Zone 3 or 9). Check the specific variety.
    • Sunlight: Full sun (at least 6 hours of direct sunlight) is best for most varieties. Some can tolerate partial shade, especially in hotter climates, but flowering may be reduced.
    • Soil: Well-drained soil is essential. Lychnis can tolerate a range of soil types, including sandy, loamy, and even somewhat clay-rich soils, as long as drainage is good. Avoid constantly wet, soggy soil.
    • Water: Water regularly, especially during dry periods, keeping the soil moderately moist. Once established, many Lychnis species are somewhat drought-tolerant.
    • Height & Spread: Varies depending on the species, ranging from 1 to 3 feet tall and 1 to 2 feet wide.

    Planting

    • Timing: Plant Lychnis in spring (after the last frost) or early fall.
    • Spacing: Space plants 12-18 inches apart, depending on the mature size of the variety.
    • How to Plant:
      1. Dig a hole slightly larger than the root ball of the plant.
      2. Gently loosen any circling roots around the root ball.
      3. Place the plant in the hole, ensuring the top of the root ball is level with the surrounding soil.
      4. Backfill with soil, firming gently around the base of the plant.
      5. Water thoroughly.

    Growing and Care

    • Watering: Water regularly, especially during the first growing season, to help establish a strong root system. Once established, water deeply but less frequently, allowing the soil to dry slightly between waterings.
    • Fertilizing: Lychnis generally does not require heavy fertilization. A light application of a balanced, slow-release fertilizer in early spring 1 is usually sufficient. Avoid over-fertilizing, which can lead to excessive foliage growth and fewer flowers.
    • Deadheading: Removing spent flowers (deadheading) encourages continued blooming and prevents self-seeding (unless desired). Simply snip off the faded flower stalks just below the flower head.
    • Pruning: Some Lychnis species benefit from being cut back by about half after the first flush of blooms to promote bushier growth and a second round of flowering. In late fall or early spring, cut back any remaining dead foliage to the ground.
    • Mulching: Apply a layer of organic mulch (such as shredded bark or compost) around the plants to help retain moisture, suppress weeds, and moderate soil temperature.
    • Staking (for taller varieties): Taller Lychnis varieties, especially those grown in windy locations, may benefit from staking to prevent them from flopping over.

    Propagation

    • Division: Established clumps of perennial Lychnis can be divided in spring or early fall. Carefully dig up the plant and use a sharp knife or spade to divide the root ball into sections, ensuring each section has both roots and shoots.
    • Basal Cuttings: Some Lychnis species can be propagated from basal cuttings taken in spring.

    Pests and Diseases Lychnis is generally trouble-free, but be aware of these potential issues:

    • Slugs and Snails: Can damage young plants and foliage. Use baits, traps, or barriers.
    • Aphids: May infest new growth. Control with insecticidal soap or neem oil.
    • Rust: A fungal disease that can cause orange or brown pustules on the leaves. Ensure good air circulation and avoid overhead watering. Fungicides can be used if necessary.
    • Root Rot: Can occur in poorly drained soil. Ensure good drainage to prevent this.

    Popular Lychnis Species and Varieties

    • Lychnis chalcedonica (Maltese Cross): Bright scarlet-red flowers. Tall (2-4 feet). Long-blooming.
    • Lychnis coronaria (Rose Campion): Magenta-pink flowers with silvery-gray foliage. Self-seeds readily. Short-lived perennial but often reseeds itself to act like a perennial.
    • Lychnis flos-jovis (Flower-of-Jove): Pink or white flowers with deeply notched petals. Silvery foliage.
    • Lychnis viscaria (German Catchfly): Bright pink flowers. Compact habit (12-18 inches). Prefers slightly drier conditions. 'Splendens Plena' is a double-flowered form.
    • Lychnis x arkwrightii 'Vesuvius': Bright orange-red flowers with bronze foliage.
    • Lychnis alpina: (Alpine Catchfly) A dwarf form that works well in a rock garden.

    The classification of these plants has been updated and the Genus taxonomic name Lychnis has been absorbed by the Genus Silene.

    Lychnis (lik-niss,) campion catch fly; Caryophyllaceae Family. Lychnis is a large genus of annuals, biennials and perennials native to the North Temperate Zone regions. Many have truly beautiful flowers with bright colors. All have opposite leaves.

    Lychnis is grown best in full sun or light shade in a moderately rich, well-drained soil. They are fine plants in the border as well as useful all summer as cut flowers. With their long bloom season, late June to frost, and their ease of culture their popularity is understandable.

    • Lychnis a Orange Gnome 30ct Flat Lychnis a Orange Gnome 30ct Flat

      Lychnis

      Lychnis a. 'Orange Gnome' (30)ct Flat

      Lychnis a. 'Orange Gnome' (30)ct FlatCommon Name: Maltese Cross, Campion or Catchfly The classification of these plants has been updated. Here is the current breakdown for Lychnis a. 'Orange Gnome', keeping in mind the recent changes: • Genus:...

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    Silene is a fascinating and diverse genus of flowering plants! Silene recently absorbed the Lychnis genus, making it even larger and more varied. Here is a glimpse into the world of Silene:

    Overview:

    • Family: Caryophyllaceae (Pink or Carnation family)
    • Number of Species: Around 900 species!
    • Distribution: Widespread, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere.
    • Common Names: Campion, Catchfly

    Characteristics:

    • Flowers: Typically have 5 petals, often with notched or fringed edges. Colors range from white and pink to red, purple, and even yellow.
    • Leaves: Usually opposite, simple, and often slightly hairy.
    • Growth Habits: Highly variable! Includes annuals, biennials, and perennials. Some are low-growing and mat-forming, while others are tall and upright.

    Why "Catchfly"?

    Many Silene species have sticky stems or calyces (the outer part of the flower) that can trap small insects. This gives them the common name "catchfly." While they are not true carnivorous plants, this feature may help protect them from pests.

    Popular Silene species (including former Lychnis):

    • Silene chalcedonica (Maltese Cross): Known for its brilliant scarlet flowers in clusters.
    • Silene coronaria (Rose Campion): Loved for its magenta or white flowers and silvery foliage.
    • Silene flos-cuculi (Ragged Robin): Charming wildflower with pink, ragged-edged petals.
    • Silene vulgaris (Bladder Campion): Distinctive for its inflated calyx.
    • Silene acaulis (Moss Campion): Forms low-growing cushions with pink or purple flowers, ideal for rock gardens.
    • Silene dioica (Red Campion): Common wildflower with bright pink flowers.

    Uses:

    • Ornamental: Many Silene species are cultivated for their attractive flowers and diverse growth habits. They add beauty to borders, rock gardens, wildflower meadows, and containers.
    • Wildlife: Their flowers attract pollinators like bees, butterflies, and moths.
    • Ecological: Some species play important roles in their ecosystems, providing food and habitat for various insects and animals.

    Silene and Lychnis, with their vibrant blooms that paint the garden in shades of scarlet, magenta, pink, and white, are a delightful addition to any landscape. These captivating plants, often called catchfly or campion, offer a diverse range of colors and forms, making them a favorite among gardeners. Whether you are a seasoned horticulturist or just starting your gardening journey, this comprehensive guide will equip you with the knowledge to successfully cultivate and enjoy these charming plants.

    Origins and Habitat

    Silene and Lychnis belong to the Caryophyllaceae family. Originating primarily in the Northern Hemisphere, these plants boast a wide distribution across Europe and Asia. In their natural habitat, they thrive in diverse environments, from sun-drenched meadows and shady woodlands to rocky slopes and coastal areas. This adaptability makes them well-suited to a variety of garden settings.

    Nomenclature

    The genus Silene includes a vast number of species, estimated to be between 300 and 700, while Lychnis comprises around 15 to 20 species. Interestingly, many species initially categorized as Lychnis have been reclassified as Silene. This can sometimes cause confusion when identifying specific plants.

    The name Silene originates from the Greek mythological figure Silenus, the foster father of Bacchus, who was often depicted with a swollen belly and was said to have a sticky substance on his body. This characteristic is mirrored in some Silene species, which have sticky stems or calyces that can trap small insects. While not true carnivorous plants, this feature may offer some protection against pests.

    The genus name Lychnis, used by Theophrastus, comes from the Greek word "lychnos," meaning "lamp." This is thought to refer to the use of the woolly leaves of some species as lamp wicks in ancient times. The species name coronaria, meaning "used for garlands," likely stems from the historical use of the flowers in celebratory wreaths.

    Growing Conditions

    • Sunlight Most Silene/Lychnis varieties flourish in locations that receive full sun to partial shade, ideally with at least six hours of direct sunlight daily. However, certain species, such as Silene chalcedonica (Maltese Cross) and Silene flos-cuculi (Ragged Robin), exhibit greater tolerance for shade and a preference for moist soil. It is worth noting that starry campion (S. stellata) prefers partial shade and may become pale or yellow when exposed to excessive sunlight. In warmer climates, providing some afternoon shade can help prevent the plants from overheating.
    • Soil Silene/Lychnis demonstrate adaptability to a wide range of soil types, but well-drained soil is essential for their healthy growth. Good drainage is particularly important during winter to prevent root rot. While they can tolerate poor soil conditions, they thrive in moderately fertile soil with a neutral to slightly alkaline pH. If your garden soil is heavy clay, amending it with compost or sand can improve drainage and create a more suitable environment for these plants.
    • Water Once established, Silene/Lychnis are relatively drought-tolerant. However, during their initial growth stages, regular watering is necessary to help them develop a strong root system. Water deeply but infrequently, allowing the soil to dry out between waterings. Avoid overwatering, as this can lead to root rot and other problems.

    Planting and Care

    Planting You can introduce Silene/Lychnis to your garden by sowing seeds or transplanting seedlings.

    • Seeds: Sow seeds directly into the ground in the fall or spring, approximately three weeks before the last frost. Gently press the seeds into the soil but avoid covering them, as they require sunlight for germination. Space the seeds according to the anticipated mature size of the plant, generally between 6 and 18 inches apart. Maintain consistent moisture in the soil without making it overly wet until the seedlings emerge, which typically takes two to three weeks.
    • Seedlings: Transplant nursery-grown seedlings in the spring after the last frost has passed. Dig a hole slightly wider than the root ball and plant at the same depth as it was in the container. Water thoroughly and keep the soil moist until the plant is established.

    Care Silene/Lychnis are generally low-maintenance plants, requiring minimal care once established. Here are some basic care tips:

    • Deadheading: Remove faded flowers to encourage continuous blooming and prevent self-seeding, which can be prolific in some varieties.
    • Fertilizing: While not always necessary, you can apply a balanced, slow-release fertilizer in the spring to support healthy growth.
    • Dividing: Divide mature clumps every few years in the spring or fall to maintain their vigor and prevent overcrowding.

    Pests and Diseases Silene/Lychnis are generally quite resistant to pests and diseases. However, they can occasionally be affected by aphids, slugs, and powdery mildew.

    • Aphids: Control aphids by using insecticidal soap spray or by introducing beneficial insects such as ladybugs to your garden.
    • Slugs: Deter slugs with organic control methods like beer traps or diatomaceous earth.
    • Powdery mildew: If powdery mildew appears, treat it with a fungicide. Ensuring good air circulation around the plants can help prevent this issue.

    Varieties Silene/Lychnis offer a delightful variety of colors, forms, and sizes to enhance your garden. Here are some popular species and cultivars:

    Variety

    Common Name

    Description

    Specific Needs/Characteristics

    Silene chalcedonica

    Maltese Cross

    Brilliant scarlet flowers in clusters

    Prefers moist soil and tolerates shade.

    Silene coronaria

    Rose Campion

    Magenta or white flowers with silvery foliage

    Drought-tolerant and thrives in well-drained soil.

    Silene flos-cuculi

    Ragged Robin

    Pink flowers with ragged-edged petals

    Prefers moist soil and tolerates shade.

    Silene vulgaris

    Bladder Campion

    Distinctive inflated calyx

    Adaptable to various soil conditions.

    Lychnis x arkwrightii 'Vesuvius'

    Vesuvius Campion

    Orange-red flowers with dark foliage

    Best propagated by division or basal cuttings.

    Silene dioica 'Clifford Moor'

    Clifford Moor Catchfly

    Pink flowers with variegated foliage

    Prefers sunny locations and sandy, well-drained soil. Excellent for rock gardens.

    Propagation Silene/Lychnis can be propagated through seed or division.

    • Seed: Sow seeds in the fall or spring, following the planting instructions outlined earlier.
    • Division: Divide established clumps in early spring or late summer. Carefully dig up the plant, separate the roots, and replant the divisions.
    • Basal Cuttings: For varieties like 'Vesuvius' campion, basal cuttings taken in late summer can be used for propagation.

    Silene/Lychnis are a rewarding choice for gardeners of all levels. Their vibrant blooms, attractive foliage, and low-maintenance nature make them a versatile addition to any garden. These plants are also excellent for attracting pollinators such as butterflies and hummingbirds, further enhancing the biodiversity of your garden. Whether you are looking to add a splash of color to a border, create a vibrant meadow, or enhance a rock garden with the 'Clifford Moor' catchfly, Silene/Lychnis offer a delightful array of options to explore. By following the guidelines in this article, you can confidently cultivate these charming plants and enjoy their beauty for years to come.

    Silene and Lychnis were once considered separate genera, but taxonomic revisions have led to their merger. Here is the current understanding:

    Kingdom: Plantae (Plants) Clade: Tracheophytes (Vascular plants) Clade: Angiosperms (Flowering plants) Clade: Eudicots (Dicots with tricolpate pollen) Order: Caryophyllales (The order containing carnations and related plants) Family: Caryophyllaceae (The pink or carnation family) Genus: Silene L. (The currently accepted genus name)

    Why the change?

    • Morphological Similarities: Silene and Lychnis share many structural features in their flowers, fruits, and overall growth habits.
    • Molecular Evidence: Modern DNA analysis has supported the close relationship between these two groups, indicating they belong within the same genus.
    • Taxonomic Stability: To avoid confusion and maintain consistency, botanists decided to consolidate Lychnis into the older and more widely recognized genus Silene.

    What happened to Lychnis species?

    • Reclassification: Species formerly classified under Lychnis have been reclassified as Silene. For example, Lychnis chalcedonica is now Silene chalcedonica.
    • Synonyms: The old Lychnis names are often listed as synonyms in botanical databases and literature.

    Key features of the Silene genus (including former Lychnis species):

    • Flower structure: Typically have 5 petals, often with notched or divided tips.
    • Calyx: The sepals (outer parts of the flower) are fused into a tube-like structure.
    • Fruit: A capsule that opens at the top to release seeds.
    • Growth habit: Includes a variety of forms, from annuals and perennials to small shrubs.
    • Diversity: The Silene genus is large and diverse, with hundreds of species found worldwide.

    Examples of species:

    • Silene latifolia (White campion): A common wildflower with white petals.
    • Silene dioica (Red campion): Similar to white campion but with pink to red flowers.
    • Silene chalcedonica (Maltese cross): Known for its bright scarlet flowers with notched petals.
    • Silene coronaria (Rose campion): Features silvery-grey foliage and vibrant magenta flowers.

    It is important to remember that Lychnis is now considered part of the Silene genus. So, when we discuss the morphology of Silene/Lychnis, we are looking at the characteristics of this combined group. Here is a breakdown of their shared features:

    Overall Growth Habit:

    • Varied: Silene species can be annuals, biennials, or perennials. They can be herbaceous (non-woody) or slightly woody at the base.
    • Forms: They can be upright, sprawling, or mounding, depending on the species.

    Leaves:

    • Arrangement: Typically, opposite, meaning they are arranged in pairs along the stem.
    • Shape: Often simple and lance-shaped to oval but can vary considerably.
    • Margins: Can be smooth or toothed.
    • Color: Usually green, but some species have silvery-gray or hairy leaves.

    Flowers:

    • Inflorescence: Flowers are often borne in cymes (clusters where the central flower opens first), panicles (branched clusters), or solitary.
    • Flower shape: Radially symmetrical with 5 petals.
      • Petals: Often notched or divided at the tips, giving them a frilly or fringed appearance.
      • Colors: Diverse, including white, pink, red, purple, and sometimes yellow.
    • Calyx: The sepals (outer parts of the flower) are fused into a tube-like structure (calyx), which can be inflated or constricted in different species.
    • Pollination: Primarily pollinated by insects, attracted to the nectar and pollen.

    Fruits and Seeds:

    • Fruit type: Capsules, which are dry fruits that open at the top to release seeds.
    • Seeds: Usually small and numerous, often kidney-shaped.

    Examples illustrating diversity:

    • Silene latifolia (White campion): Upright perennial with white flowers and hairy leaves.
    • Silene dioica (Red campion): Similar to white campion, but with pink to red flowers.
    • Silene chalcedonica (Maltese cross): Upright perennial with bright scarlet flowers and notched petals.
    • Silene coronaria (Rose campion): Upright perennial with silvery-gray foliage and magenta flowers.

    This overview highlights the key morphological features of Silene/Lychnis. Remember that there's significant variation within this diverse genus, making it a fascinating group to explore.

    Cultivating Silene (which now includes the former Lychnis species) can bring a delightful array of colors and textures to your garden. Here is a guide to help you successfully grow these charming plants:

    1. Choosing the Right Silene:

    • Species and Cultivars: Consider your needs and preferences.
      • Silene coronaria (Rose campion): Valued for its silvery foliage and bright magenta flowers.
      • Silene chalcedonica (Maltese cross): Offers striking scarlet flowers with a unique cross-shaped pattern.
      • Silene latifolia (White campion): A classic wildflower with delicate white blooms.
      • Silene dioica (Red campion): Similar to white campion but with vibrant pink to red flowers.
    • Climate: Select species or cultivars suited to your climate. Some are more heat-tolerant, while others prefer cooler conditions.

    2. Planting:

    • Timing:
      • Seeds: Sow seeds directly outdoors in spring or fall.
      • Transplants: Plant container-grown Silene in spring or fall.
    • Location:
      • Light: Most Silene species prefer full sun to partial shade.
      • Soil: Well-drained soil is essential. Amend heavy clay soil with compost to improve drainage.
    • Spacing: Space plants according to their mature size, typically 12-18 inches apart.

    3. Watering:

    • Frequency: Water regularly, especially during dry periods, to keep the soil moderately moist. Avoid overwatering, as Silene dislikes soggy conditions.
    • Method: Water at the base of the plants to avoid wetting the foliage and prevent fungal diseases.

    4. Fertilizing:

    • Type: Use a balanced, slow-release fertilizer or compost.
    • Frequency: Fertilize lightly in spring.

    5. Maintenance:

    • Deadheading: Remove faded flowers to encourage continuous blooming and prevent self-seeding (if desired).
    • Staking: Taller varieties may need staking to prevent flopping.
    • Pruning: Cut back perennial Silene in late fall or early spring to maintain their shape.

    6. Pest and Disease Control:

    • Pests: Watch for aphids, slugs, and snails. Use appropriate control methods if needed.
    • Diseases: Powdery mildew and leaf spot can occur. Ensure good air circulation and avoid overhead watering.

    7. Winter Care:

    • Mulching: Apply a layer of mulch around the base of the plants in fall to protect the roots from freezing temperatures.

    Extra Tips:

    • Silene can be grown in containers, but ensure good drainage and avoid overwatering.
    • Some Silene species self-seed readily, so you may have new plants popping up in your garden.
    • Consider companion plants that thrive in similar conditions, such as yarrow, catmint, and lavender.

    By following these guidelines, you can cultivate beautiful Silene plants (including those formerly known as Lychnis) that will add vibrant color and charm to your garden.

    Spring:

    • March - April:
      • Cleanup: Remove any winter mulch and dead leaves.
      • Divide perennials (optional): Divide overcrowded clumps every 3-4 years to maintain vigor.
      • Sow seeds: If starting from seed, sow outdoors after the last frost.
      • Plant transplants: Plant container-grown Silene in spring after the danger of frost has passed.
    • May - June:
      • Water regularly: Keep the soil consistently moist, especially for young plants.
      • Fertilize: Apply a balanced, slow-release fertilizer or compost.
      • Stake tall varieties: Provide support for tall varieties to prevent flopping.

    Summer:

    • July - August:
      • Deadhead: Remove faded flower spikes to encourage continuous blooming and prevent self-seeding.
      • Monitor for pests: Watch for aphids, slugs, and snails.
      • Water deeply: Provide deep watering during hot, dry periods, but avoid overwatering.

    Fall:

    • September - October:
      • Reduce watering: Gradually reduce watering as temperatures cool.
      • Cut back foliage: Cut back foliage to the ground after the first frost.
      • Mulch: Apply a layer of mulch around the base of the plants to protect the roots over winter.
      • Sow seeds (optional): You can sow seeds outdoors in fall for natural stratification.

    Winter:

    • November - February:
      • Protect from frost: In colder climates, provide additional winter protection with a layer of leaves or evergreen boughs.
      • Avoid overwatering: Ensure the soil does not become waterlogged during winter.

    Ongoing Care:

    • Observe your plants: Pay close attention to the health and growth of your Silene.
    • Adjust care as needed: Modify watering and fertilization based on weather conditions and the specific needs of your Silene.
    • Maintain good air circulation: This helps prevent fungal diseases.

    Important Note: This calendar provides a general guideline. The specific timing of tasks may vary depending on your location, climate, and the specific Silene species or cultivar you are growing. Always consider your local conditions and the individual needs of your plants when planning your garden care.

    Silene and Lychnis together, as they are now considered one genus! Here are some notable species, and while there are not distinct groups in the way some genera have, we can look at them by traits like flower color or growth habit:

    Species (formerly Silene OR Lychnis)

    • Silene coronaria (Rose Campion): Perhaps the most popular, known for its silvery-white foliage and shocking magenta flowers. Biennial or short-lived perennial, readily self-seeds.
    • Silene chalcedonica (Maltese Cross): Upright with clusters of bright scarlet flowers, the petals having a distinctive notched shape. Long-blooming perennial.
    • Silene latifolia (White Campion): Common wildflower, often found in meadows. White flowers open in the evening, attracting moths. Can be somewhat weedy.
    • Silene dioica (Red Campion): Similar to White Campion but with pink to red flowers. Spreads readily.
    • Silene vulgaris (Bladder Campion): Notable for its inflated calyx (the part below the petals), which gives it a balloon-like appearance. White flowers.
    • Silene alpestris (Alpine Catchfly): Low-growing, mat-forming species, good for rock gardens. White flowers with notched petals.

    Thinking about them by traits:

    • Flower Color:
      • White: S. latifolia, S. vulgaris, S. alpestris
      • Red/Pink: S. dioica, S. coronaria (some cultivars)
      • Scarlet/Orange: S. chalcedonica, S. x arkwrightii (hybrids)
    • Growth Habit:
      • Upright: S. chalcedonica, S. coronaria
      • Spreading/Mat-forming: S. dioica, S. alpestris

    Varieties and Cultivars:

    Since Silene coronaria is a garden favorite, it has the most:

    • S. coronaria 'Alba': White-flowered form of Rose Campion.
    • S. coronaria 'Atrosanguinea': Deep crimson flowers.
    • S. coronaria 'Oculata': White flowers with a pink or red eye.

    Cultivars of other species are less common, but you might find:

    • S. chalcedonica 'Alba': White-flowered Maltese Cross.
    • S. dioica 'Flore Pleno': Double-flowered Red Campion.

    Important Notes:

    • Invasive Potential: Some Silene species can be aggressive self-seeders. Deadhead spent flowers to control spread.
    • Nomenclature: You may still find the old Lychnis names used, especially in older gardening books or websites.
    • Availability: Not all species and cultivars are readily available commercially. Specialty nurseries or seed suppliers may have a wider selection.

    Mass planting Silene (including the former Lychnis) can create eye-catching displays with their vibrant colors and interesting textures. Here is how to make the most of them:

    Choosing the Right Silene:

    • Growth Habit:
      • Silene coronaria (Rose Campion): Excellent for mass planting due to its upright habit and long blooming season. The silvery foliage also provides contrast and interest.
      • Silene chalcedonica (Maltese Cross): Creates bold swaths of scarlet color with its upright flower clusters.
      • Silene dioica (Red Campion): Spreads readily, making it suitable for naturalizing areas or filling in gaps in borders.
      • Silene alpestris (Alpine Catchfly): Ideal for mass planting in rock gardens or as a low-growing groundcover.
    • Color Scheme: Select Silene with colors that complement or contrast with your existing garden design. Consider mixing different shades of pink, red, white, and even the fiery orange of Silene x arkwrightii hybrids.
    • Blooming Time: Choose varieties with similar blooming periods for a unified burst of color.

    Design and Spacing:

    • Spacing: Space plants according to their mature size, typically 12-18 inches apart. This allows for adequate air circulation and prevents overcrowding.
    • Density: Plant densely for a lush, full look. The closer spacing will also help suppress weeds.
    • Patterns and Combinations:
      • Solid Blocks: Create impactful blocks of a single color or variety.
      • Mixed Plantings: Combine different Silene colors and forms for a dynamic and textured look.
      • Companion Plants: Pair Silene with other perennials like yarrow, catmint, and lavender for complementary colors and textures.

    Ideal Locations for Mass Planting:

    • Borders: Edge garden beds or walkways with Silene for a colorful and textured border.
    • Meadow Gardens: Incorporate Silene into wildflower meadows or naturalistic plantings for a touch of wild beauty.
    • Rock Gardens: Use low-growing Silene like S. alpestris to add pops of color to rock gardens or crevices.
    • Cottage Gardens: Silene species, especially S. coronaria and S. chalcedonica, blend beautifully in cottage garden settings.

    Care Tips for Mass Plantings:

    • Watering: Consistent moisture is crucial, especially during the establishment phase and dry periods. Water deeply and regularly but avoid overwatering.
    • Deadheading: Regular deadheading encourages continuous flowering and prevents self-seeding (if desired).
    • Staking: Taller varieties may need staking to prevent flopping, especially in windy locations.

    Examples of Effective Mass Plantings:

    • Romantic Meadow: Combine Silene coronaria 'Alba' with pink varieties of S. dioica for a soft and romantic look.
    • Fiery Border: Mass plant Silene x arkwrightii 'Vesuvius' with its intense orange-red flowers for a bold statement.
    • Alpine Carpet: Use Silene alpestris to create a low-growing carpet of white flowers in a rock garden.

    By carefully selecting your Silene varieties and following these tips, you can create breathtaking mass plantings that will bring vibrant color and life to your garden.

    Lychnis / Silene FAQ

    Lychnis/ Silene is a genus of flowering plants in the family Caryophyllaceae. They are commonly known as Lychnis campions or catchflies.

    These plants are native to the Northern Hemisphere, and many species are cultivated for their attractive flowers. Lychnis plants typically have brightly colored, five-petaled flowers that bloom in clusters. The flowers come in a variety of colors, including pink, red, purple, and white. The plants themselves range in height from low-growing mats to tall, branching forms, with foliage that can be green or silvery-grey.

    Lychnis flowers are not only beautiful, but they also attract a variety of pollinators, including bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds. This makes them a valuable addition to any garden, especially those that aim to support local wildlife. In addition to their ornamental value, some species of Lychnis have also been used for medicinal purposes throughout history. For example, the roots of the Ragged Robin (Lychnis flos-cuculi) were once used to treat coughs and colds.

    Some popular species of Lychnis include:

    • Lychnis chalcedonica (Maltese Cross): This striking species earns its name from its bright scarlet flowers that bloom in dense, cross-shaped clusters. Reaching about 3 feet tall, Maltese Cross makes a bold statement in the garden and is a favorite for attracting butterflies.
      • Interesting fact: Historically, this plant was used medicinally to treat snakebites and heal wounds.
    • Lychnis coronaria (Rose Campion): This romantic beauty offers a softer touch with its magenta or white flowers that contrast beautifully against its silvery-grey foliage. Rose Campion is known for its long blooming period and ability to thrive in poor soils. It adds a touch of elegance to cottage gardens and borders.
      • Cultivation tip: Deadhead spent flowers to encourage more blooms and prevent self-seeding.
    • Lychnis flos-cuculi (Ragged Robin): This charming wildflower is easily recognized by its delicate pink flowers with deeply divided, "ragged" petals. Ragged Robin prefers moist meadows and bog gardens, where it adds a touch of whimsy with its airy blooms.
      • Did you know? The "cuckoo" in its name refers to the time of year it blooms, coinciding with the arrival of cuckoos in Europe.
    • Lychnis arkwrightii: This hybrid species is a real showstopper, known for its intense orange-red flowers and attractive bronze-tinged foliage. It is a more compact plant, making it perfect for smaller spaces or containers. 'Vesuvius' is a popular cultivar with fiery orange blooms.
      • Garden design idea: Pair 'Vesuvius' with contrasting cool colors like blues and purples for a dramatic effect.

    Lychnis plants are relatively easy to grow and are tolerant of a variety of conditions. They prefer full sun to part shade and well-drained soil. They are often grown in borders, rock gardens, and wildflower meadows.

    You are delving into the fascinating world of plant classification! Here is a breakdown of Lychnis taxonomy, along with some notes to explain the complexities:

    • Kingdom: Plantae (Plants) - This one is straightforward; Lychnis are multicellular organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis.
    • Clade: Tracheophytes (Vascular plants) - Lychnis have specialized tissues (xylem and phloem) for transporting water and nutrients, a key feature of this group.
    • Clade: Angiosperms (Flowering plants) - Lychnis reproduce through flowers and produce seeds enclosed in fruits.
    • Clade: Eudicots - This large group of flowering plants includes those with two seed leaves (cotyledons) and other shared characteristics.
    • Order: Caryophyllales - This order includes plants like carnations, cacti, and amaranths, often characterized by swollen nodes on their stems.
    • Family: Caryophyllaceae (Pink or Carnation family) - This family is known for its flowers with five petals (often notched or divided) and opposite leaves.
    • Genus: Silene - This is where it gets interesting! Traditionally, Lychnis was its own genus, but recent research based on genetic evidence has led botanists to include it within the larger genus Silene.
      • This means that the species we have been discussing, like Lychnis chalcedonica, are now officially Silene chalcedonica. However, you will still often see them referred to by their old names, especially in gardening contexts.

    Why the change?

    Taxonomy is an ever-evolving science. As scientists gather more data, particularly through genetic analysis, our understanding of relationships between plants changes. In the case of Lychnis, the evidence showed that it was not distinct enough to warrant its own genus and was better placed within Silene.

    Key takeaway:

    While the name has changed, the beauty and characteristics of these plants remain the same! Whether you call them Lychnis or Silene, they are still wonderful additions to any garden.

    Lychnis / Silence is a genus of flowering plants in the family Caryophyllaceae. They are commonly known as campions. There are 15 to 20 species of Lychnis, which are both biennials and perennials. They are known for their showy flowers and tolerance of poor soil conditions.

    Here are some of the characteristics of Lychnis:

    • Appearance: Lychnis / Silene come in a variety of shapes and sizes. They can be low-growing mats or tall, branching plants.
    • Flowers: The flowers of Lychnis / Silene are one of their most attractive features. They come in a wide range of colors, including pink, red, purple, and white. The flowers can be single or double, and they may have ragged edges.
    • Leaves: The leaves of Lychnis / Silene can be green or silvery-gray. They are typically oppositely arranged on the stem.
    • Habitat: Lychnis / Silene are native to Europe and Asia, but they have been introduced to many other parts of the world. They can be found in meadows, grasslands, and woodlands.
    • Growing conditions: Lychnis / Silene are relatively easy to grow. They prefer full sun to partial shade and well-drained soil. They are tolerant of drought and poor soil conditions.

    The most widely grown Lychnis / Silene is the Rose Campion (Lychnis / Silene coronaria). It has vivid pink or white flowers and silvery-grey leaves and stems. It is a popular choice for gardens because it is easy to care for and blooms for a long season.

    There are two main ways to plant Lychnis: by seed or by transplanting seedlings. Here is a breakdown of both methods:

    Planting Lychnis / Silene from Seeds:

    • Timing: Lychnis / Silene seeds benefit from a cold period, so you can plant them outdoors in either late fall after a frost or early spring when frost is still expected. Alternatively, you can start them indoors 6-8 weeks before the end of frost season.
    • Seed Stratification (Optional): For better germination, some gardeners recommend cold stratification. This mimics the natural winter cold that the seeds would experience outdoors. To do this, dampen some sand or potting mix, mix in the seeds, and place the container in your refrigerator for 2-4 weeks.
    • Planting Outdoors: Prepare a seedbed in a sunny or partially shaded location with well-drained soil. You can improve drainage by adding compost to the soil. Sow the seeds and cover them lightly with soil. Keep the soil moist but not soggy.
    • Planting Indoors: Sow seeds in starter trays with a well-draining potting mix. Cover the seeds lightly and keep the soil moist and warm. Place the tray in a bright, sunny window. Once the seedlings are a few inches tall, harden them off for a week to ten days before transplanting them outdoors after frost danger has passed.

    Planting Lychnis / Silene Seedlings:

    • If you do not want to deal with seeds, you can purchase Lychnis / Silene seedlings from a nursery.
    • Timing: Transplant seedlings outdoors after all danger of frost has passed.
    • Location: Choose a location that gets full sun to partial shade and has well-drained soil.
    • Planting: Dig a hole slightly larger than the root ball of the seedling. Gently remove the seedling from its container and plant it in the hole, making sure the crown (the point where the roots and stem meet) is level with the soil surface. Water the plant thoroughly.

    Spacing: Regardless of whether you plant from seeds or seedlings, space Lychnis / Silene plants according to the variety. Most Lychnis / Silene varieties need 12 to 24 inches of space between plants.

    Here are some popular varieties of Lychnis:

    • Rose campion (Lychnis / Silene coronaria): This is the most widely grown Lychnis / Silene variety. It has vivid pink or white flowers and silvery-grey leaves and stems. It is a popular choice for gardens because it is easy to care for and blooms for a long season.
    • Scarlet Lychnis / Silene(Lychnis / Silene chalcedonica): This variety has bright scarlet flowers that bloom in clusters. It grows up to 3 feet tall and prefers full sun.
    • Maltese cross (Lychnis / Silene chalcedonica alba): This is a white-flowered variety of scarlet lychnis. It has the same upright growth habit as the scarlet lychnis, but its flowers are white with a dark red center.
    • Alpine catchfly (Lychnis / Silene alpina): This is a low-growing variety that forms mats of green foliage. It has pink flowers that bloom in early summer. It is a good choice for rock gardens or borders.
    • Flore-Jovis (Lychnis / Silene flos-jovis): This variety has bright red flowers that bloom in clusters in late spring or early summer. It grows up to 2 feet tall and prefers full sun.
    • Night-flowering catchfly (Lychnis / Silene alba): This variety has white flowers that are fragrant and open at night. It grows up to 3 feet tall and prefers full sun to partial shade.

    Here is how to care for your Lychnis:

    Sunlight and Soil:

    • Most Lychnis / Silene varieties prefer full sun to partial shade. However, some varieties like Lychnis / Silene chalcedonica and Lychnis / Silene flos-cuculi tolerate moister conditions and can handle more shade.
    • They are adaptable to various soil conditions but thrive in well-drained soil. If your soil is heavy clay, consider amending it with compost or sand to improve drainage.

    Watering:

    • Once established, Lychnis / fairly drought tolerant. They prefer to dry out slightly between waterings.
    • Water deeply when the soil feels dry to the touch, especially during hot and dry periods.
    • Avoid overwatering, as this can lead to root rot.

    Fertilizing:

    • Lychnis / Silene are not heavy feeders and generally do not require frequent fertilization.
    • A light application of a balanced fertilizer in early spring might be beneficial, but it is not essential.

    Deadheading:

    • Deadheading, or removing spent flowers, encourages continued blooming throughout the season. Simply pinch off the flower heads just below the wilted bloom.

    Dividing:

    • Lychnis / Silene can become overcrowded after a few years. Dividing the clumps every 3-5 years helps maintain healthy growth and flower production.
    • The best time to divide Lychnis / Silene is in early spring or fall when the plant is dormant.

    Pests and Diseases:

    • Lychnis / Silene are generally resistant to pests and diseases. However, they can be susceptible to aphids, slugs, and powdery mildew.
    • You can control aphids with insecticidal soap spray and slugs with organic slug control methods like beer traps or diatomaceous earth.
    • Powdery mildew can be treated with fungicide, but ensuring good air circulation around the plants can help prevent it.

    With proper care, your Lychnis / Silene will reward you with beautiful blooms for many seasons to come!

    There is some conflicting information about Lychnis / Silene and pollinators.

    • Attractive to some pollinators: Many sources say Lychnis, particularly rose campion (Lychnis / Silene coronaria), are attractive to pollinators, especially butterflies and possibly hummingbirds, due to their bright-colored flowers. This is likely because they provide nectar to these pollinators.
    • Not all varieties offer nectar: Lychnis / Silene coronaria, might not produce nectar, despite attracting pollinators. This could be because they offer pollen as a reward to pollinators instead.

    Overall, while there might be some variation between species, it seems likely that Lychnis / Silene can attract some pollinators, particularly butterflies.

    Lychnis / Silene are generally considered to be tough and resistant to pests and diseases. However, there are a few common ones to keep an eye out for:

    • Pests:
      • Aphids: These small, sap-sucking insects can cluster on the leaves and stems, causing distorted growth and stunted plants. You can control them with insecticidal soap spray, neem oil, or by attracting natural predators like ladybugs.
    • Diseases:
      • Powdery mildew: This fungal disease causes white powdery patches to form on the leaves. It thrives in cool, humid conditions. Ensure good air circulation around your plants and remove any infected leaves. In severe cases, fungicide might be necessary.
      • Rust: This fungal disease causes orange-brown, powdery pustules on the leaves. Similar to powdery mildew, improve air circulation and remove infected plant parts. Fungicide sprays can also be used if necessary.
      • Crown rot: This fungal disease affects the base of the plant, causing wilting, yellowing, and eventually death. It is caused by overly wet or poorly drained soil. Improve drainage and avoid overwatering to prevent it.

    If you notice any signs of pests or diseases on your Lychnis, it is important to take action quickly to prevent them from spreading. Early intervention is key! Remember, healthy plants with good air circulation are less susceptible to these issues.

    Lychnis / Silene can be a beautiful addition to floral arrangements for several reasons:

    • Visually Appealing Blooms: Lychnis / Silene come in a range of vibrant colors like pink, red, white, and even orange-red, making them a colorful accent to any arrangement.
    • Varieties in Flower Shape and Size: There are Lychnis / Silene varieties with single or double flowers, and some have blooms with interesting ragged edges. This variety in flower form adds visual interest to bouquets.
    • Long Bloom Time: Lychnis / Silene typically have a long bloom season from late spring to early fall, depending on the variety. This means you can enjoy them in arrangements for a good portion of the year.
    • Attracts Attention: Since Lychnis / Silene flowers are often brightly colored, they can be a real eye-catcher in an arrangement.

    Here are some things to consider when using Lychnis / Silene in floral arrangements:

    • Flower Type: Single Lychnis / Silene flowers tend to have a more delicate and airy look, while double flowered varieties add a fuller, more formal touch.
    • Color Scheme: Consider the overall color palette of your arrangement and choose Lychnis / Silene colors that complement the other flowers.
    • Vase Life: The vase life of Lychnis / Silene can vary depending on the variety and cutting conditions. Generally, it is on the shorter side, lasting 3-7 days in a vase.
    • Stem Strength: The stems of some Lychnis / Silene varieties, particularly taller ones, can be a bit weak. Using a floral cage or chicken wire for support within the vase can help.

    Overall, Lychnis / Silene can be a wonderful addition to floral arrangements, adding a pop of color, interesting texture, and a touch of natural beauty.

    Yes, while Lychnis / Silene can be a beautiful addition to your garden, be aware that some varieties, particularly Rose Campion (Lychnis / Silene coronaria), can be invasive depending on your location.

    Here is what you should know:

    • Self-seeding: Lychnis / Silene readily reseeds itself, which can be a positive aspect for gardeners who want to enjoy the flowers in different areas of their garden. However, this easy reseeding can also lead to the plant spreading aggressively in undesired locations.
    • Regional Variations: Whether or not Lychnis / Silene is considered invasive depends on your specific location. Some regions might have it listed on their invasive plant lists, while others might not.

    Here are some resources to help you determine the invasiveness of Lychnis / Silene in your area:

    • The Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States
    • The Early Detection & Distribution Mapping System
    • Your local Cooperative Extension Service

    If you are concerned about Lychnis / Silene being invasive in your garden, here are some alternatives to consider:

    • Native wildflowers that are suitable for your region
    • Non-invasive Lychnis / Silene cultivars: There might be cultivated varieties of Lychnis / Silene that are less prone to spreading aggressively. Check with your local nursery for recommendations.

    By being aware of the potential invasiveness of Lychnis / Silene and taking appropriate precautions, you can still enjoy these beautiful flowers in your garden.

    The best time to propagate Lychnis / Silene depends on the method you choose:

    • Division: This method is best suited for spring or fall when the plant is dormant. During this period, the plant's energy is focused on its roots, making it less stressed by the division process and allowing it to recover and establish itself more quickly.
    • Seed Sowing: This method offers two options:
      • Fall Sowing: Sow seeds outdoors in late fall, after a period of frost. This allows the seeds to experience a cold period which can improve germination for some Lychnis / Silene varieties.
      • Spring Sowing: Alternatively, you can sow seeds indoors 6-8 weeks before the last frost in spring. This gives the seedlings a head start before transplanting them outdoors after frost danger has passed.

    Here is a quick summary table:

    Propagation Method

    Best Timing

    Division

    Spring or Fall (when dormant)

    Seed Sowing

    Fall (outdoors) after frost OR Spring (indoors) 6-8 weeks before last frost

    No matter which method you choose, make sure to research the specific needs of the Lychnis / Silene variety you are propagating for the most successful results.

    Here are some of the benefits of planting Lychnis / Silene in your garden:

    • Beautiful Flowers: Lychnis / Silene come in a range of vibrant colors like pink, red, white, and even orange-red, adding a burst of color to your garden throughout the season. They also boast interesting flower shapes and sizes, with single or double blooms and sometimes ragged edges, offering textural variety.
    • Long Bloom Time: Most Lychnis / Silene varieties have a long blooming season, typically lasting from late spring to early fall. This means you can enjoy their beauty for a good portion of the year.
    • Low Maintenance: Lychnis / Silene are generally easy to care for and require minimal maintenance. They are tolerant of drought and poor soil conditions, making them a good choice for beginner gardeners.
    • Attracts Pollinators: While information can vary by species, many Lychnis / Silene varieties, particularly rose campion (Lychnis / Silene coronaria), attract butterflies and possibly hummingbirds with their bright colors and potential nectar production. This can help support the pollinator population in your garden.
    • Deer Resistant: Deer tend to avoid Lychnis, so you do not have to worry about them munching on your plants.
    • Cut Flowers: Lychnis / Silene can be a beautiful addition to floral arrangements, adding pops of color and interesting textures.

    However, there are also a few things to consider before planting Lychnis:

    • Potential for Invasiveness: Be aware that some Lychnis / Silene varieties, particularly rose campion (Lychnis / Silene coronaria), can be invasive depending on your location. They readily self-seed, which can be a positive for some but lead to unwanted spread in others. Research the invasiveness of Lychnis / Silene in your area before planting.
    • Shorter Vase Life: If you plan to use Lychnis / Silene in cut flower arrangements, be aware that their vase life is generally on the shorter side, lasting 3-7 days.

    Overall, Lychnis / Silene offers a multitude of benefits for gardeners who appreciate beautiful flowers, low maintenance plants, and the support of pollinators. Just be sure to choose non-invasive varieties for your area if that is a concern.

    Lychnis / Silene arkwrightii 'Orange Gnome' is a delightful little cultivar plant. Here is what makes it special:

    • Vibrant Color: True to its name, 'Orange Gnome' boasts brilliant, fiery orange flowers. They really pop against the foliage and other plants in your garden.
    • Compact Size: This is a dwarf variety, typically reaching only 12-15 inches tall. This makes it perfect for smaller gardens, rock gardens, or even containers.
    • Long Bloom Time: You can enjoy the show for weeks! 'Orange Gnome' blooms from early summer and keeps going for a good 8 weeks or more.
    • Attractive Foliage: The leaves are a dark green with a purplish-bronze tint, which complements the orange flowers beautifully.
    • Easy Care: Like other Lychnis, it is not fussy. Provide it with full sun and well-drained soil, and it will thrive.

    Here are some ideas for using 'Orange Gnome' in your garden:

    • Borders: Its compact size makes it ideal for edging paths or adding a pop of color to the front of a border.
    • Rock Gardens: It thrives in well-drained conditions, making it a natural choice for rock gardens.
    • Containers: Its small stature means it can easily be grown in pots on a patio or balcony.
    • Pollinator Gardens: Like other Lychnis, it attracts pollinators like bees and butterflies.

    If you are looking for a low-maintenance plant with a long season of vibrant color, Lychnis / Silene arkwrightii 'Orange Gnome' is definitely worth considering!

    The classification of these plants has been updated. Here is the current breakdown for Lychnis / Silene a. 'Orange Gnome', keeping in mind the recent changes:

    • Kingdom: Plantae (Plants)  
    • Clade: Tracheophytes (Vascular plants)
    • Clade: Angiosperms (Flowering plants)
    • Clade: Eudicots
    • Order: Caryophyllales
    • Family: Caryophyllaceae
    • Genus: Silene
    • Species: Silene arkwrightii
    • Cultivar: 'Orange Gnome'

    Therefore, the full and most up-to-date taxonomic name is Silene arkwrightii 'Orange Gnome'.

    It is worth noting a couple of things:

    • Hybrid Origin: Silene arkwrightii itself is a hybrid species, resulting from a cross between Silene chalcedonica and Silene haageana. This adds another layer of complexity to its classification.
    • Synonyms: You may still find this plant listed under its older name, Lychnis / Silene arkwrightii 'Orange Gnome', or even as Lychnis / Silene x arkwrightii 'Orange Gnome'. These are synonyms, meaning they refer to the same plant.

    The world of plant taxonomy is constantly evolving as scientists gain new insights. While it can sometimes be confusing, it ultimately helps us better understand the relationships between plants and appreciate their diversity!