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    • Pulmonaria

    Early Spring Blooms & Spotted Foliage

    • Shade Tolerance: It thrives in partial to full shade, making it perfect for brightening up woodland gardens, north-facing beds, or areas under trees and shrubs where other plants struggle.
    • Early Spring Color: Pulmonaria is one of the first perennials to bloom in spring, offering cheerful clusters of flowers often starting pink and maturing to blue or purple (though some varieties stay one color or are white).
    • Attractive Foliage: Even after blooming, most Pulmonaria varieties offer striking foliage, often silver-spotted, splashed, or edged, providing visual interest throughout the growing season. Some newer varieties have almost entirely silver leaves.
    • Low Maintenance: Once established, Lungwort is relatively easy to care for, requiring minimal fuss.
    • Pollinator Friendly: The early blooms are a valuable nectar source for emerging bees and other early pollinators.
    • Deer and Rabbit Resistant: Generally, deer and rabbits tend to leave Pulmonaria alone due to its slightly fuzzy leaves.
    • Ground Cover Potential: While typically forming neat clumps, they can slowly spread to form an attractive ground cover in shady spots.
    • Hardiness Zones: Generally hardy in USDA zones 3-9, depending on the specific cultivar.
    • When to Plant: Plant container-grown Pulmonaria in spring or early fall. Avoid planting during the intense heat of mid-summer.
    • Light Requirements: Prefers partial shade (morning sun is okay) to full shade. Too much direct sun, especially hot afternoon sun, can scorch the leaves.
    • Soil: Needs consistently moist, humus-rich, well-draining soil. They dislike both drought and soggy conditions. Amend poor soils with compost or other organic matter before planting to improve structure and fertility. A slightly acidic to neutral pH is generally preferred.
    • Planting:
      • Dig a hole slightly wider than the plant's root ball and about the same depth.
      • Gently remove the plant from its pot and loosen any tightly bound roots.
      • Place the plant in the hole so the top of the root ball is level with the surrounding soil surface.
      • Backfill the hole with soil, gently firming it around the roots.
      • Water thoroughly after planting.
    • Spacing: Space plants about 12-18 inches apart, depending on the mature size of the variety, to allow for good air circulation.
    • Watering: Water regularly, especially during dry periods, to keep the soil consistently moist but not waterlogged. Consistent moisture is key, particularly during the growing season and bloom time.
    • Mulching: Apply a 2–3-inch layer of organic mulch (like shredded bark or compost) around the plants (but not touching the crowns) to help retain soil moisture, suppress weeds, and keep roots cool.
    • Fertilizing: Pulmonaria is not a heavy feeder. An application of compost or a balanced slow-release fertilizer in early spring is usually sufficient. Avoid over-fertilizing.
    • Maintenance & Pruning:
      • Remove any tattered or damaged leaves after winter before new growth emerges.
      • After flowering, if the foliage looks tired or damaged (e.g., by slugs or mildew), you can cut it back hard to encourage a fresh flush of leaves. However, many gardeners leave the attractive foliage intact through the season.
      • Deadheading (removing spent flowers) is not strictly necessary but can keep the plant looking tidier.
    • Division: Divide clumps every 3-5 years in early spring or fall if they become overcrowded or the center starts to die out. This rejuvenates the plant and provides new plants to spread around the garden.
    • Pests and Diseases:
      • Powdery Mildew: This is the most common issue, especially in humid conditions or if plants are overcrowded with poor air circulation. Choose resistant varieties, ensure good spacing, and avoid overhead watering if possible. Remove affected leaves promptly.
      • Slugs and Snails: These pests can sometimes chew holes in the leaves. Use appropriate controls if they become a problem.

    By providing the right conditions, Pulmonaria will reward you with early spring beauty and attractive foliage for much of the growing season.

    pulmonaria.jpg

    Pulmonaria (pull-mon-nay-ree-uh) Lungwort; Boraginaceae Family. Pulmonaria are European perennials with spotted, hairy leaves, and pretty, funnel-shaped flowers in clusters. They are easily grown with ordinary soil in shade or partial shade, with ample moisture. Plants may need dividing every 3 or 4 years for best bloom.

    Pulmonarias are easily grown in average, medium, well-drained soil, but prefer cool soils that are highly organic and moisture retentive. While dry conditions can lead to powdery mildew and leaf scorch, Lungwort is intolerant of wet, poorly drained soils. Prune to ground level for a fresh foliage growth. Best time to divide clumps is in the fall.

    Attributes: Border plants, Container, Cut flower, Edging, Mass Planting. Attracts hummingbirds. Deer and rabbit resistant.

     

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      Pulmonaria

      Pulmonaria 'Pink-a-Blue' PPAF (30)ct Flat

      Pulmonaria 'Pink-a-Blue' PPAF CPBRAF- Proven Winners® (30)ct Flat Common Name: LungwortPink flower buds open to medium blue flowers in early spring. Buds and blooms appear at the same time for an alluring two tone effect. Following flowering a robust...

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      Pulmonaria

      Pulmonaria 'Spot On' PP33063 (30)ct Flat

      Pulmonaria 'Spot On' PP33063 CPBRAF - Proven Winners® (30)ct Flat Common Name: Lungwort'Spot On' is a new Pulmonaria for Proven Winners and a new genus to the perennial lineup. Pulmonaria are the perfect choice to signal the end of winter with...

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      Pulmonaria

      Pulmonaria 'Spot On' PP33063 (4) 1-gallons

      Pulmonaria 'Spot On' PP33063 CPBRAF - Proven Winners® (4) 1-gallons Common Name: Lungwort'Spot On' is a new Pulmonaria for Proven Winners and a new genus to the perennial lineup. Pulmonaria are the perfect choice to signal the end of winter with...

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      Pulmonaria

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      Pulmonaria 'Twinkle Toes' PPAFCommon Name: Lungwort, Bethlehem Sage. Starting in mid-spring shortly after Hellebores are finished booming, dainty light periwinkle blue flowers cover a low, mounded habit. After the flowers fade, you can enjoy its dark...

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    Illuminating Shade Gardens with Dazzling Foliage and Early Blooms

    Welcome to the enchanting world of Pulmonaria, commonly known as Lungwort. If you are seeking a resilient, shade-loving perennial that offers multi-season interest, look no further. Pulmonaria is a treasure for gardeners in USDA hardiness zones 3 through 9, brightening woodland settings, shade borders, and container plantings with its unique, often spotted or silvered foliage and charming clusters of early spring flowers. These adaptable plants provide texture, color, and life to those sometimes challenging shady spots in the landscape.

    Understanding Pulmonaria: Morphology and Habit

    To fully appreciate Pulmonaria, let us delve into its distinct characteristics:

    • Foliage - The Year-Round Star: While the flowers are lovely, the foliage is arguably Pulmonaria's main event. Leaves are typically basal, meaning they arise directly from the base of the plant, forming a lush clump. Leaf shapes vary by species and cultivar, ranging from broadly ovate (egg-shaped) to lanceolate (long and narrow). A defining feature is their often bristly or hairy texture. But the real magic lies in the variegation: many popular varieties boast leaves dramatically spotted, splashed, or marbled with silver, white, or pale green. Some newer cultivars even feature almost entirely silver leaves, like 'Majeste' or 'Silver Shimmers'. This foliage remains attractive from spring through fall, providing constant visual interest long after the flowers fade.
    • Flowers - An Early Spring Delight: Pulmonaria is one of the earliest perennials to bloom, often emerging alongside spring bulbs. The flowers are typically small and funnel- or bell-shaped, borne in clusters called cymes atop short stems that rise just above the foliage. A fascinating characteristic of many Pulmonaria varieties (like the classic P. officinalis or cultivars such as 'Roy Davidson') is their color-changing nature. Buds and newly opened flowers often appear pink or reddish, gradually maturing to shades of violet, purple, or blue. This provides a delightful multi-toned effect within a single flower cluster, attracting early pollinators like bees. Flower colors can range from white ('Sissinghurst White') and pink ('Bertram Anderson') to true blue (P. angustifolia) and coral-red (P. rubra 'Redstart').
    • Growth Habit: Pulmonaria are herbaceous perennials that form neat, slowly spreading clumps. They are not aggressive spreaders but will gradually increase in size over the years. Depending on the species and cultivar, mature clumps typically reach a height of 6 to 18 inches and a spread of 12 to 24 inches, making them excellent choices for the front of the border or as groundcover in smaller shaded areas.

    Cultivating Thriving Pulmonaria: Soil, Light, and Water

    Native to woodlands and moist meadows across Europe and western Asia, Pulmonaria have adapted to specific conditions. Replicating these in your garden ensures success:

    • Hardiness: Most commonly cultivated Pulmonaria are reliably hardy in USDA zones 3/4 through 8/9, making them suitable for a wide range of climates. Check specific cultivar tags, as hardiness can vary slightly.
    • Light Requirements: This is crucial – Pulmonaria are shade plants! They thrive in partial to full shade. Bright, dappled shade, such as that found under deciduous trees or on the north side of structures, is ideal. Morning sun is generally tolerated, especially in cooler zones (3-6), but intense afternoon sun will scorch the leaves and stress the plant, particularly in warmer zones (7-9). Deep shade is acceptable, but flowering may be reduced, and foliage color might be less vibrant.
    • Soil Preferences: Pulmonaria prefers consistently moist, humus-rich, well-drained soil. Think of a forest floor environment. They are intolerant of extremes – both waterlogged conditions (which can lead to root rot) and prolonged drought (which causes wilting and crispy leaves). Amending your soil with ample compost or other organic matter before planting will improve both moisture retention and drainage, creating the perfect environment. A slightly acidic to neutral soil pH is generally preferred.
    • Watering Needs: Consistent moisture is key, especially during the plant's establishment period and throughout hot, dry summer weather. Water deeply when the top inch or two of soil feels dry. Avoid letting the plants wilt repeatedly, as this stresses them and makes them more susceptible to disease. However, ensure the soil drains well to prevent soggy roots.

    Maintenance: Simple Care for Lasting Beauty

    Pulmonaria are relatively low-maintenance plants, but a few practices will keep them looking their best:

    • Mulching: Apply a 2-3 inch layer of organic mulch (such as shredded bark, compost, or leaf mold) around the plants each spring. Mulch helps conserve soil moisture, suppress weeds, and keep the roots cool. Replenish as needed.
    • Dealing with Summer Stress & Tidying: While some sources suggest mowing Pulmonaria down during heat waves, this can be drastic. A better approach for tidying up is to simply remove any tattered, scorched, or mildew-affected leaves as they appear throughout the season. If the plant looks particularly ragged after flowering or following severe stress, you can shear back the older foliage to encourage a fresh flush of growth, but this is not typically necessary routine care.
    • Deadheading: Removing spent flower stalks after blooming cleans up the plant's appearance and prevents self-seeding. Some species can self-seed readily; if you do not want seedlings popping up, deadheading is important.
    • Division: Pulmonaria benefit from division every 3 to 5 years, or when the center of the clump starts to look sparse or die out. Division rejuvenates the plant and provides more plants to spread around your garden or share! The best time to divide is in early spring just as new growth emerges, or in early fall after the worst of the summer heat has passed. Carefully lift the clump, separate it into smaller sections (each with roots and foliage), and replant immediately, watering well.
    • Fertilizing: These plants are not heavy feeders. Working compost into the soil at planting time and applying a top dressing of compost annually is usually sufficient. If growth seems weak, a light application of a balanced slow-release fertilizer in early spring can be used but avoid over-fertilizing.
    • Pest and Disease Management:
      • Powdery Mildew: This is the most common issue for Pulmonaria, appearing as a white powdery coating on the leaves, especially in humid conditions or when plants are stressed.
        • Prevention: Choose mildew-resistant cultivars (many newer hybrids offer improved resistance), ensure good air circulation by giving plants adequate spacing, avoid overhead watering, and site them correctly (not in deep, stagnant shade).
        • Treatment: Remove affected leaves promptly. In severe cases, fungicidal sprays can be used, but improving cultural conditions is the best long-term strategy.
      • Slugs and Snails: These pests can sometimes chew holes in the leaves. Use your preferred method of slug and snail control (baits, traps, barriers) if they become a problem.

    Landscaping with Pulmonaria: Design Techniques and Companions

    Pulmonaria's unique qualities make it versatile in shade garden design:

    • Groundcover: Certain species like P. saccharata and vigorous cultivars can form dense mats of foliage, effectively suppressing weeds and creating a living carpet under trees and shrubs. Plant them en masse for a stunning effect.
    • Border Edging: Their relatively low, clumping habit makes them perfect for edging shady pathways or defining the front of a perennial border. The striking foliage provides a clear line.
    • Woodland Gardens: Pulmonaria are naturals in woodland settings, mingling beautifully with native plants and other shade lovers. Plant in drifts for a naturalistic look.
    • Specimen Accents: Varieties with particularly striking foliage (like heavily silvered or uniquely spotted types) can serve as focal points in smaller shade vignettes or containers.
    • Container Planting: Pulmonaria performs well in containers, provided the pots are kept in shade and watered consistently. This allows you to enjoy their beauty up close on patios or balconies.
    • Companion Planting: Combine Pulmonaria with other shade-tolerant perennials for a tapestry of textures, colors, and forms. Excellent companions include:
      • Fine Textures: Ferns (Athyrium, Dryopteris, Polystichum), Astilbe, Dicentra (Bleeding Heart), Tiarella (Foamflower).
      • Bold Foliage: Hostas (choose contrasting colors/sizes), Brunnera macrophylla (especially 'Jack Frost'), Rodgersia, Ligularia.
      • Early Blooms: Hellebores (Lenten Rose), spring bulbs (Snowdrops, Daffodils, Scilla), Epimedium (Barrenwort).
      • Shrubs: Azaleas, Rhododendrons, Hydrangeas (especially Oakleaf).

    Tips for Pulmonaria Success:

    1. Right Plant, Right Place: Prioritize shade and moist, well-drained, humus-rich soil. This solves most potential problems.
    2. Consistent Moisture: Do not let them dry out completely, especially in summer heat. Mulch is your friend!
    3. Good Air Circulation: Space plants adequately to help prevent powdery mildew.
    4. Choose Resistant Varieties: If mildew is common in your area, seek out cultivars known for resistance (e.g., 'Trevi Fountain', 'Raspberry Splash', members of the P. longifolia group).
    5. Tidy, Don't Butcher: Remove damaged leaves as needed. Avoid routinely shearing the entire plant unless absolutely necessary after flowering or severe stress.
    6. Divide for Vigor: Rejuvenate clumps every few years by dividing them in spring or fall.

    Embrace the Shade with Pulmonaria

    Pulmonaria offers a remarkable combination of resilience, unique beauty, and multi-season interest for shade gardens. From the first cheerful blooms of spring to the captivating foliage that persists through fall, these plants bring light and texture to shaded corners. Easy to grow and relatively low-maintenance, Lungworts reward gardeners across a wide range of climates (zones 3-9) with their enduring charm. Explore the diverse varieties available and discover how Pulmonaria can transform your shade garden into a captivating oasis.

    Pulmonaria, commonly known as lungwort, is a genus of flowering plants prized for their early spring blooms and attractive foliage. Here is a look at its taxonomy:

    • Kingdom: Plantae (Plants)
    • Clade: Tracheophytes (Vascular plants)
    • Clade: Angiosperms (Flowering plants)
    • Clade: Eudicots
    • Clade: Asterids
    • Order: Boraginales
    • Family: Boraginaceae (Borage family)
    • Subfamily: Boraginoideae
    • Genus: Pulmonaria

    Species:

    The exact number of Pulmonaria species is debated, with estimates ranging from 10 to 18. This is because species delineation can be challenging due to hybridization and variation within populations.

    Some of the more recognized species include:

    • Pulmonaria officinalis: Common lungwort, often found in woodlands.
    • Pulmonaria saccharata: Bethlehem sage, known for its silver-spotted leaves.
    • Pulmonaria angustifolia: Narrow-leaved lungwort.
    • Pulmonaria longifolia: Long-leaved lungwort.
    • Pulmonaria rubra: Red lungwort, with coral-red flowers.

    Placement within Boraginaceae:

    Within the Boraginaceae family, Pulmonaria is placed in the subfamily Boraginoideae and the tribe Boragineae. This indicates its close relationship to other well-known members of the borage family, such as borage (Borago officinalis) and forget-me-nots (Myosotis species).

    Pulmonaria, or lungwort, has a distinct appearance with several key morphological features:

    Roots:

    • Rhizomatous: Pulmonaria species typically have slowly creeping rhizomes. These underground stems send up new shoots, contributing to the plant's clump-forming habit.
    • Fibrous Roots: Along with the rhizome, they have a network of fibrous roots that absorb water and nutrients.

    Leaves:

    • Basal Rosette: Most species form a basal rosette of leaves at the base of the plant.
    • Shape: Generally oval to lance-shaped, with pointed tips.
    • Texture: Often covered in hairs, giving them a slightly rough or fuzzy texture.
    • Color: One of the most striking features is the leaf coloration. Many species have dark green leaves with distinctive silver or white spots, blotches, or marbling. This variegation is due to air pockets within the leaf tissue.
    • Stem Leaves: Smaller leaves are also present on the flowering stems. These are usually alternate (one leaf per node) and may be sessile (without a distinct petiole or leaf stalk).

    Flowers:

    • Inflorescence: Flowers are borne in terminal clusters called cymes.
    • Shape: Funnel-shaped or bell-shaped, with five petals.
    • Color: A fascinating aspect of Pulmonaria flowers is their color change. They often open in shades of pink or red and then gradually change to blue or purple as they mature. This color shift is due to changes in the pH of the flower's cell sap.
    • Bloom Time: Early spring, often one of the first perennials to bloom.

    Stems:

    • Flowering Stems: Erect or slightly spreading, usually hairy.
    • Height: Generally, 12-18 inches (30-45 cm) tall.

    Overall Growth Habit: Pulmonaria species are typically clump-forming perennials that spread slowly via their rhizomes. They create a dense groundcover in shaded areas.

    Adaptations:

    • Shade Tolerance: The mottled leaves are an adaptation to low light conditions, as the lighter areas help maximize light capture.
    • Early Blooming: Flowering early in spring allows them to take advantage of sunlight before the tree canopy leafs out.
    • Hairy Foliage: The hairs on the leaves may help reduce water loss and deter some herbivores.

    Pulmonaria, with its charming spotted foliage and early spring flowers, is a delightful addition to shade gardens. Here is a guide to cultivating these lovely plants:  

    Growing Conditions:

    Pulmonaria thrive in moist, well-drained soil rich in organic matter. They prefer partial shade to full shade, where they receive dappled sunlight or morning sun and afternoon shade. While they can tolerate deeper shade, they may not flower as profusely.

    Pulmonarias are relatively drought-tolerant once established, but they perform best with consistent moisture. Keep the soil evenly moist, especially during dry periods, but avoid waterlogged conditions.

    The ideal soil pH for Pulmonaria is slightly acidic to neutral. Adding compost or leaf mold to the soil can help improve drainage and fertility.

    Most Pulmonaria species are hardy in USDA zones 3-8.

    Planting:

    • Timing: The best time to plant is in early spring or fall.
    • Spacing: Space plants about 12-18 inches apart to allow for their mature size.
    • Preparation: Before planting, amend the soil with compost or leaf mold to improve its structure and fertility. Compost will add organic matter, which helps the soil retain moisture and provides essential nutrients for the plants. Leaf mold, which is decomposed leaf litter, is another excellent soil amendment that can improve drainage and aeration. Additionally, you can incorporate well-rotted manure or a balanced organic fertilizer into the soil to provide a slow-release source of nutrients.

    Care:

    • Watering: Water regularly, especially during dry periods.
    • Fertilizing: Apply a balanced, slow-release fertilizer in spring.
    • Mulching: Apply a layer of organic mulch, such as shredded bark or leaf litter, to help retain moisture and suppress weeds.
    • Deadheading: Remove spent flower stalks to encourage new foliage growth and prevent self-seeding.
    • Dividing: Dividing established clumps every 3-4 years in spring or fall is essential for maintaining plant vigor and health. This process involves carefully digging up the clump, separating it into smaller divisions, and replanting it in new locations. Dividing also helps to rejuvenate the plant and prevent overcrowding, which can lead to reduced flowering and increased susceptibility to diseases. To divide a Pulmonaria clump, follow these steps:  
      1. Choose a healthy, well-established clump that has not recently been divided.
      2. Dig around the clump, loosening the roots with a garden fork.
      3. Lift the clump out of the ground, being careful not to damage the roots.
      4. Use a sharp knife or a garden fork to divide the clump into smaller sections, each with healthy roots and shoots.
      5. Discard any dead or diseased sections.
      6. Plant the divisions in a new location, spacing them 12-18 inches apart.
      7. Water the newly planted divisions well and keep the soil consistently moist until they are established.
    • Pests and Diseases:
    • Powdery Mildew: Can be a problem in humid conditions. Ensure good air circulation and avoid overhead watering.
    • Slugs and Snails: These pests can damage the foliage. Use slug control methods as needed.

    Propagation:

    • Division: The easiest way to propagate Pulmonaria is by dividing established clumps in spring or fall.
    • Seed: You can also grow Pulmonaria from seed but be aware that cultivars may not come true from seed.

    Tips:

    • Combine with other shade-loving plants: Pulmonarias look stunning when planted with hostas, ferns, heucheras, and other shade-loving perennials.
    • Choose the right cultivar: There are many Pulmonaria cultivars available, with a variety of leaf patterns and flower colors. Select cultivars that are well-suited to your growing conditions and aesthetic preferences.

    With proper care, your Pulmonaria plants will reward you with their beautiful foliage and early spring blooms for many years to come.

    Spring:

    • Early Spring (March - April):
      • Clean up: Remove any dead or damaged leaves from the previous season.
      • Fertilize: Apply a balanced, slow-release fertilizer.
      • Divide: If necessary, divide established clumps every 3-4 years to maintain vigor.
      • Watch for pests: Monitor for slugs and snails, especially during wet periods.
    • Mid-Spring (May):
      • Enjoy the blooms: This is the peak flowering season for Pulmonaria.
      • Deadhead: Remove spent flower stalks to encourage new foliage growth and prevent self-seeding.

    Summer:

    • Early Summer (June):
      • Water regularly: Provide consistent moisture, especially during dry spells.
      • Mulch: Apply a layer of organic mulch to help retain moisture and suppress weeds.
    • Late Summer (July - August):
      • Monitor for powdery mildew: This fungal disease can be a problem in humid conditions. Ensure good air circulation and avoid overhead watering.
      • Remove any diseased leaves: If powdery mildew appears, remove affected leaves to prevent further spread.

    Fall:

    • Early Fall (September - October):
      • Continue watering: Provide adequate moisture until the first frost.
      • Divide (optional): If not done in spring, you can divide established clumps in early fall.
    • Late Fall (November):
      • Clean up: Remove any remaining dead or diseased foliage.
      • Mulch: Apply a fresh layer of mulch to protect the roots over winter.

    Winter:

    • Winter (December - February):
      • Pulmonaria is dormant: No active care is needed during this time.
      • Protect from frost heaving: In colder climates, ensure the mulch layer is sufficient to insulate the roots from extreme temperature fluctuations.

    Additional Notes:

    • Regional variations: Adjust the timing of these tasks based on your local climate and the specific needs of your Pulmonaria plants.
    • Observe your plants: Regularly check your Pulmonaria for any signs of stress or disease. Early detection and intervention can help prevent more serious problems.
    • Enjoy the foliage: Even after the flowers fade, the attractive foliage of Pulmonaria continues to provide interest in the shade garden.

    By following this calendar and providing consistent care, you can ensure that your Pulmonaria plants thrive and bring beauty to your garden year after year.

    Pulmonaria has a dedicated following among gardeners, and with good reason. The variety in leaf patterns and flower colors is truly remarkable. Here is a breakdown of the species, groups, and cultivars:

    Species (commonly cultivated):

    • Pulmonaria officinalis: Common Lungwort. One of the most widespread species, known for its medicinal uses in the past. Often has spotted leaves and flowers that shift from pink to blue.
    • Pulmonaria saccharata: Bethlehem Sage. Perhaps the most popular species for its striking silver-spotted foliage. Many cultivars are derived from this species.
    • Pulmonaria longifolia: Long-leaved Lungwort. Distinguished by its long, narrow leaves, often with silver spotting.
    • Pulmonaria angustifolia: Narrow-leaved Lungwort. Similar to P. longifolia but with even narrower leaves and a more upright habit.
    • Pulmonaria rubra: Red Lungwort. Notable for its coral-red flowers that do not change color as much as other species.

    Groups:

    While not formal taxonomic groups, Pulmonaria are sometimes loosely categorized by characteristics:

    • Silver-Leaved: This includes many P. saccharata cultivars and others with prominent silver markings. Examples: 'Majesté', 'Silver Shimmers'.
    • Red-Flowered: Primarily cultivars of P. rubra and hybrids with reddish blooms. Examples: 'Redstart', 'Bowles' Red'.
    • Early Bloomers: These start flowering earlier in the season, often in late winter.

    Varieties and Cultivars (a small selection of the many available):

    • 'Majesté': ( P. saccharata) Almost completely silver leaves with blue flowers. A classic and widely loved cultivar.
    • 'Sissinghurst White': ( P. saccharata) Pure white flowers and heavily spotted leaves.
    • 'Opal': ( P. officinalis) Large, silvery leaves and blue flowers.
    • 'Blue Ensign': ( P. longifolia) Intense blue flowers and long, silver-spotted leaves.
    • 'Raspberry Splash': ( P. rubra hybrid) Coral-red flowers with raspberry-pink markings.
    • 'Trevi Fountain': ( P. longifolia) Vigorous grower with large, silvery leaves and blue flowers.
    • 'Diana Clare': ( P. saccharata hybrid) Compact with silver-spotted leaves and pink buds that open to violet-blue.
    • 'Samourai': (P. longifolia) Long, narrow leaves with a unique "frosted" silver overlay and blue flowers.

    Things to Consider When Choosing:

    • Foliage: Do you prefer heavily spotted, lightly spotted, or unspotted leaves?
    • Flower Color: Pulmonaria offers a range of blues, pinks, reds, and whites.
    • Bloom Time: Some cultivars bloom earlier or later than others.
    • Growth Habit: Consider whether you want a compact or spreading variety.

    With so many beautiful Pulmonaria cultivars available, you are sure to find some that perfectly suit your garden!

    Pulmonaria's tapestry of colorful foliage and early blooms makes it fantastic for mass planting, especially in shady areas where other plants struggle. Here is how to use it effectively:  

    Choosing the Right Cultivars:

    Pulmonaria offers a wide range of cultivars, each with its own unique characteristics. For a mass planting, careful cultivar selection is key. Consider the following factors:  

    • Foliage: Do you prefer the heavily spotted leaves of 'Majesté' or the more subtle speckling of 'Opal'? Perhaps you are drawn to the elongated, silver-spotted leaves of 'Blue Ensign'.
    • Flower Color: Pulmonaria offers a range of blues, pinks, reds, and whites. Choose cultivars with flower colors that complement your overall garden scheme. For example, the deep blue flowers of 'Blue Ensign' contrast beautifully with the coral-red blooms of 'Raspberry Splash'.
    • Bloom Time: Most Pulmonaria bloom in early spring, but there can be slight variations. If you want a longer bloom period, mix early and mid-spring bloomers. For example, the early-blooming 'Sissinghurst White' can be paired with the later-blooming 'Trevi Fountain'.
    • Growth Habit: Consider the mature size and growth habit of the cultivars you choose. Some are more compact, while others have a spreading habit. Select cultivars that will create the desired density and visual impact in your mass planting.

    By carefully considering these factors, you can create a stunning and harmonious mass planting of Pulmonaria.

    Planting and Spacing:

    Density: Space plants closer together than you would for individual specimens, about 10-12 inches apart. This creates a denser, more impactful groundcover that will quickly fill in and suppress weeds, reducing the need for constant weeding and maintenance. Additionally, the closer spacing will create a more cohesive and visually striking mass planting.

    • Arrangement: Plant in large groups or drifts to create a "carpet" of foliage and blooms. You can also use them to edge pathways or borders in a woodland setting.

    Site Selection:

    • Shade: Pulmonaria thrives in partial to full shade. Choose a location that receives dappled sunlight or morning sun with afternoon shade.
    • Soil: Well-drained soil rich in organic matter is essential. Amend clay soil with compost or leaf mold.

    Care for Mass Plantings:

    • Watering: Consistent moisture is crucial, especially during dry periods. Water deeply and regularly.
    • Mulching: Apply a thick layer of organic mulch (shredded bark, leaf litter) to help retain moisture, suppress weeds, and keep the soil cool.
    • Deadheading: While more time-consuming in a mass planting, deadheading spent flower stalks can encourage more foliage growth and prevent excessive self-seeding.
    • Division: Every few years, you may need to divide the clumps to maintain vigor and prevent overcrowding.

    Design Ideas:

    • Woodland Gardens: Combine Pulmonaria with other shade-loving plants like hostas, ferns, astilbes, and hellebores for a lush, textured woodland garden.
    • Underplanting Shrubs and Trees: Use Pulmonaria as a groundcover beneath deciduous shrubs and trees. Their early blooms will provide color before the canopy leafs out. The colorful foliage and early blooms will create a beautiful and dynamic display throughout the spring and summer months. Pulmonaria's spreading habit and ability to tolerate low light conditions make it an ideal choice for underplanting shrubs and trees. As the shrubs and trees mature and create more shade, the Pulmonaria will continue to thrive, providing a lush and vibrant groundcover.
    • Edging Pathways: Create a charming path border with a mass planting of Pulmonaria. The contrasting foliage and flowers will add visual interest.
    • Rock Gardens: Incorporate smaller Pulmonaria cultivars into rock gardens or along slopes for a naturalized look.

    With careful planning and proper care, a mass planting of Pulmonaria can transform a shady area into a vibrant and captivating tapestry of color and texture.

    Pulmonaria FAQ

    Pulmonaria, commonly known as lungworts, are perennial flowering plants belonging to the borage family (Boraginaceae). Here are some of their characteristics:

    • Habit: They are herbaceous perennials, meaning they die back to the ground in winter but regrow from their roots in spring. They form clumps or rosettes of leaves.
    • Leaves: Their leaves are arranged in rosettes at the base of the plant. The leaves are typically oval-shaped and covered in hairs of varying lengths and stiffness. They are often mottled with silver or sometimes entirely silver, providing attractive ground cover until they die down in late autumn.
    • Flowers: Pulmonaria are known for their beautiful flowers that bloom in late winter or early spring. The flowers are borne on short stalks that rise above the foliage. They are typically pink, violet, or blue, and some varieties even change color as they age. The flowers are trumpet-shaped or funnel-shaped with five lobes.
    • Size: Pulmonaria plants typically grow to be 15-25 cm (6-10 inches) tall and spread up to 60 cm (2 feet) wide. However, there are some exceptions, with some varieties reaching up to 30 cm (12 inches) tall.
    • Growing conditions: Pulmonaria prefer cool, moist, but well-drained soil in part shade to full shade. They are not tolerant of drought or hot, dry locations. They are also relatively low-maintenance plants and are easy to grow.

    Here are some additional interesting facts about Pulmonaria:

    • The name "lungwort" comes from the old belief that the leaves of these plants were beneficial for lung health. However, there is no scientific evidence to support this claim.
    • Pulmonaria are attractive to pollinators such as bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds.

    There are over 100 species of Pulmonaria, with a wide variety of flower colors and leaf markings.

    Here is a guide on how to plant Pulmonaria:

    When to Plant:

    The best time to plant lungwort is generally in late summer or early fall. This allows the plants to establish their root systems before winter. However, spring planting can also be successful, though fall planting is preferred.

    Choosing a Location:

    • Light: Pulmonaria prefer partial shade to full shade. They can tolerate some morning sun, but avoid harsh afternoon sun, especially in hot climates.
    • Soil: They thrive in moist, well-drained soil rich in organic matter. If your soil is lacking in organic matter, amend it with compost, aged manure, or peat moss before planting. Poorly drained soil can lead to root rot, so ensure good drainage.

    Planting Steps:

    1. Dig a hole: Make a hole about twice the width and depth of the plant's root ball.
    2. Loosen the roots: If planting from a container, gently loosen the roots around the edges of the root ball to encourage outward growth.
    3. Position the plant: Place the lungwort in the hole, ensuring the crown (the point where the roots meet the stems) sits slightly above the soil level.
    4. Backfill and tamp: Fill the hole with soil, gently tamping it down to remove air pockets.
    5. Water thoroughly: Water the plant deeply to settle the soil around the roots.

    Aftercare:

    • Watering: Water your lungwort regularly, especially during dry periods, to maintain consistent moisture in the soil. However, avoid overwatering.
    • Fertilizing: Lungworts are not heavy feeders. A light application of balanced fertilizer in early spring can be beneficial, but it is not essential.
    • Mulching: Apply a layer of mulch around the base of the plant to help retain moisture, suppress weeds, and regulate soil temperature.

    With proper care, your lungworts should establish themselves well and reward you with beautiful blooms in late winter or early spring for many years to come.

    There are over 100 species of Pulmonaria, with a wide variety of flower colors and leaf markings. Here are some popular varieties:

    • Pulmonaria 'Majesté': This variety has silver-leaved foliage with pink flowers that turn blue, blooming from late winter to early spring. It prefers shade but will tolerate sun provided there is adequate moisture.
    • Pulmonaria 'David's Lavender': This variety boasts beautiful lavender-blue flowers with dark green, unblemished leaves. It blooms in early spring and reaches a mature height of 12-18 inches.
    • Pulmonaria 'Pink Dawn': This variety features stunning pinkish-red flowers that mature to a soft violet-blue. The leaves are green with silver speckles. It blooms in early spring and grows to be about 12 inches tall.
    • Pulmonaria 'Sissinghurst White': This variety is known for its pure white flowers and heavily spotted green leaves, providing a striking contrast. It blooms in mid to late spring and grows up to 18 inches tall.
    • Pulmonaria 'Blue Ensign': This variety is appreciated for its rich, true-blue flowers and plain green leaves without spots. It blooms in early spring and reaches a height of 12-18 inches.
    • Pulmonaria 'Moonshine': This variety is prized for its almost entirely silver leaves, which provide a beautiful backdrop to its light blue flowers. It blooms in early spring and grows up to 1 foot tall.

    Pulmonaria 'Cotton Cool': The silver-spotted foliage of 'Cotton Cool' looks great all season, and its pink to blue-violet flowers are a beautiful addition to the spring garden. It blooms in early spring and matures to a height of 12-18 inches.

    Lungwort flowers are known for their unique characteristics, particularly their color-changing blooms and attractive foliage. Here is a rundown of their key features:  

    Flower Characteristics:

    • Color: Lungwort flowers typically start out pink or red and then gradually change to blue or purple as they mature. This unusual trait is due to changes in the pH level of the flower petals. You often see multiple colors on the plant at the same time, creating a striking display.
    • Shape: The flowers are small and delicate, with a funnel or bell shape, similar to forget-me-nots. They are borne in clusters at the top of the stems.
    • Bloom Time: Lungwort is an early spring bloomer, providing color when many other plants are still dormant.

    Fragrance:

    • Lungwort flowers have a subtle, sweet fragrance, often described as being similar to cucumber or honey. The scent is not overpowering but adds to the plant's overall appeal.

    Foliage:

    • Color and Pattern: The leaves of lungwort are often variegated, with spots or splashes of silver or white against a green background. This adds interest even when the plant is not in bloom.
    • Texture: The leaves are slightly hairy, giving them a soft, textured appearance.

    Overall:

    Lungwort is a charming and relatively low-maintenance plant that adds beauty and interest to shady gardens. Its unique color-changing flowers, attractive foliage, and subtle fragrance make it a favorite among gardeners.

    Pulmonaria are generally quite hardy plants, tolerating a wide range of temperatures. Most species thrive in USDA Hardiness Zones 3 to 8. This means they can withstand minimum winter temperatures ranging from -40°F (-40°C) in Zone 3 to 10°F (-12°C) in Zone 8.

    However, there can be some slight variations depending on the specific species or cultivar:

    • Most common species like Pulmonaria officinalis, Pulmonaria saccharata, and Pulmonaria longifolia fall comfortably within Zones 3 to 8.
    • Some varieties may have a slightly narrower range, like Zones 4 to 8, but this is less common.

    What do Hardiness Zones mean?

    Hardiness Zones are based on the average annual minimum winter temperature a region experiences. They help gardeners determine which plants are likely to survive and thrive in their local climate.

    To find your specific Hardiness Zone:

    • The USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map: This is a great resource! You can enter your zip code on the USDA website to find your zone.
    • Local nurseries and garden centers: They can also provide information on your local Hardiness Zone and recommend suitable plants.

    Knowing your Hardiness Zone is crucial for selecting plants that will thrive in your garden.

    With their wide hardiness range, Pulmonaria species are excellent choices for many gardeners, bringing beautiful foliage and flowers to their shady spaces.

    Lungwort (Pulmonaria) is a bit of a Goldilocks plant when it comes to lifespan - not too long, not too short, but just right... with a little help!

    Here is the breakdown:

    • Naturally: On their own, lungworts tend to be relatively short-lived perennials, typically lasting around 4 to 5 years. They may start to decline after this period, producing fewer flowers and less vigorous foliage.
    • With Division: However, you can significantly extend their lifespan by dividing the clumps every 3 to 5 years. This rejuvenates the plants and helps them thrive for much longer. Think of it as giving them a fresh start!

    Why divide?

    Over time, the center of a lungwort clump can become congested and woody, reducing its vigor. Division breaks up the clump, giving the individual plants more space and resources to grow.

    When to divide?

    • Fall or Winter: This is generally the best time to divide lungwort, as it allows the plants to establish themselves before the next growing season.
    • Other Seasons: You can technically divide them at other times of the year, but avoid doing so during hot, dry periods.

    By dividing your lungwort plants regularly, you can enjoy their beautiful blooms and attractive foliage for many years to come.

    Here is a breakdown of how to care for your Pulmonaria:

    Light:

    • Pulmonaria prefer partial shade to full shade. They can tolerate some morning sun, but avoid harsh afternoon sun, especially in hot climates. Strong afternoon sun can scorch the leaves.

    Watering:

    • Keep the soil consistently moist during the growing season. Water deeply and thoroughly, allowing the water to reach the roots. Avoid overwatering, as soggy soil can lead to root rot.
    • During dry periods, especially in hot climates, you may need to water more frequently.
    • Once established, lungworts are somewhat drought tolerant but will look their best with consistent moisture.

    Soil:

    • Pulmonaria thrive in moist, well-drained soil rich in organic matter.
    • If your soil is lacking in organic matter, amend it with compost, aged manure, or peat moss before planting.
    • Poor drainage is a major concern, so ensure the planting site allows for excess water to drain away freely.

    Fertilizing:

    • Lungworts are not heavy feeders. A light application of balanced fertilizer in early spring can be beneficial, but it is not essential.
    • Overfertilizing can encourage excessive leaf growth at the expense of flowers.

    Mulching:

    • Apply a layer of mulch around the base of the plant to help with several things:
      • Retains moisture in the soil, reducing watering frequency.
      • Suppresses weeds that compete with your lungwort for water and nutrients.
      • Regulates soil temperature, keeping the roots cool in summer and warm in winter.

    Pruning:

    • Remove spent flower stalks after blooming to encourage new growth and maintain a tidy appearance.
    • You can also prune off dead or damaged leaves throughout the growing season.
    • Some gardeners choose to shear off the tops of the plants in hot, dry weather if the leaves become scorched or wilt. The plants will typically bounce back with fresh growth when cooler temperatures return.

    Propagation:

    • The easiest way to propagate lungwort is by division in the fall or right after flowering in the spring. Dig up the clump and carefully divide it into sections, each with healthy roots and crowns. Replant the divisions and care for them as you would newly planted lungworts.

    Pests and Diseases:

    • Lungworts are generally pest and disease resistant. However, they can be susceptible to problems like powdery mildew and slugs in overly moist conditions.
    • Practicing good watering habits and maintaining good air circulation around the plants can help prevent these issues.

    By following these simple care tips, you can ensure your Pulmonaria thrives in your garden for many years to come, providing beautiful blooms and attractive foliage throughout the season.

    Mass planting Pulmonaria (Lungwort) can create a stunning visual impact in your shade garden. Here are some ideas to get you started:

    Woodland Wonder:

    • Concept: Mimic the natural habitat of Pulmonaria by planting it en masse under a canopy of deciduous trees.
    • Companion Plants: Combine with other shade-loving woodland plants like ferns (e.g., Ostrich fern, Japanese painted fern), Hostas, and Epimediums for a lush, textured tapestry.
    • Color Play: Choose varieties with different flower colors and leaf patterns to create a dynamic display.

    Border Bonanza:

    • Concept: Use Pulmonaria as a vibrant edging plant along shady pathways or borders.
    • Companion Plants: Pair with contrasting foliage plants like Heuchera (Coral Bells) with their colorful leaves, or Brunnera (Siberian Bugloss) with its heart-shaped foliage.
    • Height Variation: Incorporate different Pulmonaria varieties with varying heights to create a layered effect.

    Island Oasis:

    • Concept: Create a focal point in your shade garden with a large, island bed of Pulmonaria.
    • Companion Plants: Surround the Pulmonaria with spring-blooming bulbs like daffodils and tulips for early color, followed by later-blooming perennials like Astilbe and Hosta.
    • Textural Contrast: Add interest with contrasting textures, such as the fine foliage of grasses like Hakonechloa (Japanese Forest Grass) or the bold leaves of Rodgersia.

    Slope Solution:

    • Concept: Utilize Pulmonaria to stabilize and beautify a shady slope.
    • Companion Plants: Combine with other ground-covering plants like Pachysandra or Lamium to create a dense mat that prevents erosion.
    • Color Gradient: Plant different Pulmonaria varieties in a gradual color transition from pink to blue for a unique visual effect.

    Tips for Mass Planting Pulmonaria:

    • Spacing: Plant Pulmonaria about 12-18 inches apart to allow for adequate growth and air circulation.
    • Soil Preparation: Amend the soil with organic matter to improve drainage and moisture retention.
    • Mulching: Apply a layer of mulch to suppress weeds and conserve moisture.
    • Division: Divide the clumps every 3-5 years to maintain vigor and prevent overcrowding.

    By implementing these ideas and tips, you can create a breathtaking display of Pulmonaria in your garden that will be the envy of the neighborhood!

    Pulmonaria can indeed be a fantastic groundcover for shady areas! Here is why it works so well and how to use it effectively:

    Benefits of Pulmonaria as Groundcover:

    • Shade Tolerance: It thrives in the low-light conditions often found under trees and shrubs where many other plants struggle.
    • Dense Growth: Pulmonaria spreads slowly but steadily via rhizomes, forming a dense mat that helps suppress weeds.
    • Attractive Foliage: The colorful, spotted leaves of Pulmonaria provide year-round interest, even when the plants are not in bloom.
    • Early Blooms: The spring flowers offer a welcome burst of color when many other plants are still dormant.
    • Low Maintenance: Once established, Pulmonaria requires minimal care, making it an easy-care groundcover option.

    Tips for Using Pulmonaria as Groundcover:

    • Spacing: Plant them about 12-18 inches apart to allow for adequate spreading.
    • Soil Preparation: Amend the soil with organic matter to improve drainage and moisture retention.
    • Mulching: Apply a layer of mulch to help conserve moisture and suppress weeds.
    • Watering: Water regularly, especially during dry periods, until the plants are established.
    • Division: Divide clumps every 3-5 years to maintain vigor and prevent overcrowding.

    Best Pulmonaria Species for Groundcover:

    • Pulmonaria saccharata: Known for its heavily silvered leaves that brighten up shady areas.
    • Pulmonaria longifolia: Its long, narrow leaves create a textured carpet.
    • Pulmonaria officinalis: The classic spotted leaves offer a traditional look.

    Companion Plants:

    • Ferns: Combine with ferns for a lush, woodland feel.
    • Hostas: Pair with Hostas for contrasting foliage textures and colors.
    • Epimediums: Interplant with Epimediums for added texture and delicate flowers.

    By considering these tips and choosing the right Pulmonaria species, you can create a beautiful and low-maintenance groundcover that will thrive in your shady garden.

    Pulmonaria absolutely attracts pollinators! They are considered a valuable addition to pollinator gardens for several reasons:

    • Early source of nectar: Lungworts bloom in late winter or early spring, which is a time when there are few other flowering plants around. This provides a crucial source of nectar for pollinators emerging from hibernation, such as bumblebees.
    • Attractive to a variety of pollinators: The trumpet or funnel-shaped flowers of Pulmonaria come in shades of pink, violet, blue, and even white. These colors and the flower shape are attractive to a wide range of pollinators, including bees, butterflies, and even hummingbirds.
    • Long blooming period: While the initial flowering flush may only last a few weeks, some varieties of Pulmonaria can continue to produce sporadic blooms throughout the spring. This extended bloom time provides a continuous source of food for pollinators.

    Here are some additional details about how Pulmonaria attracts pollinators:

    • Nectar: The flowers of Pulmonaria produce a sweet nectar that is a valuable food source for pollinators. The nectar is hidden deep within the flower's tubular shape, making it accessible only to pollinators with long tongues, such as bumblebees and hummingbirds.
    • Pollen: Lungworts also produce pollen, which is another important food source for pollinators, especially bees.
    • Color and Fragrance: The bright colors and subtle sweet fragrance of the flowers help to attract pollinators from a distance.

    Overall, Pulmonaria is a great choice for gardeners who want to create a beautiful and pollinator-friendly garden.

    Pulmonaria are fortunately considered to be relatively pest and disease resistant compared to other garden plants. However, there are a couple of issues to watch out for, especially in conditions that favor moisture:

    • Powdery mildew: This fungal disease can develop on the foliage if the plants are grown in wet, humid conditions with poor air circulation. It appears as white or grayish powdery spots on the leaves.
    • Slugs: These slimy mollusks can feed on the leaves and flowers of Pulmonaria, particularly in damp environments. You will see signs of slug damage as irregular shaped holes munched out of the leaves.

    Here are some ways to prevent these issues:

    • Watering: Avoid overwatering your lungworts. Water deeply and allow the soil to dry somewhat between waterings.
    • Spacing: Plant your lungworts with enough space between them to allow for good air circulation.
    • Sunlight: Provide partial shade, avoiding full shade whenever possible.
    • Mulch: Apply a layer of mulch around the base of the plants, but avoid letting it touch the stems, as this can create a moist microclimate favorable for fungal diseases.

    If you do notice powdery mildew, you can try removing the affected leaves or using a fungicide specifically labeled for use on lungworts. For slugs, there are various control methods available, such as handpicking them off the plants at night, using traps, or applying organic slug control products.

    By following these preventative measures, you can help keep your Pulmonaria healthy and looking its best.

    Leaves and stems of Pulmonaria are a big part of what makes these plants so appealing! Here is a closer look:

    Leaves:

    • Shape and Size: This varies a bit between species. You will find mostly lance-shaped (long and narrow) to oval or heart-shaped leaves. Size also ranges from about 4 to 12 inches long.
    • Color and Pattern: This is where Pulmonaria shines! Most have a base of green, but the overlaying patterns are what is eye-catching. Expect:
      • Spots: White or silvery spots are common, like in Pulmonaria officinalis.
      • Mottling: Larger patches of silver create a frosted look, as seen in Pulmonaria saccharata.
      • Veining: Some have prominent silver veining along the leaf.
    • Texture: Most Pulmonaria leaves have a slightly fuzzy or hairy texture, adding to their tactile interest.

    Stems:

    • Structure: The stems are generally upright and unbranched, rising directly from the base of the plant.
    • Height: Stem height varies by species, usually ranging from 6 to 18 inches tall.
    • Flowering: The stems are topped with clusters of the colorful, bell-shaped flowers in spring.
    • Texture: Similar to the leaves, the stems often have a slightly hairy texture.

    Why the Variation?

    The different leaf and stem characteristics help distinguish between Pulmonaria species and cultivars. This variety also allows gardeners to choose plants that best suit their aesthetic preferences and garden conditions.

    Beyond Looks:

    • Photosynthesis: Those leaves are busy making food for the plant! The variegation (spots, mottling) does not hinder this much.
    • Water Retention: The slightly hairy texture of leaves and stems may help reduce water loss in some environments.

    So, when admiring Pulmonaria, do not just focus on the flowers. The leaves and stems contribute significantly to the plant's overall beauty and its ability to thrive in shady gardens.

    Yes, you can absolutely use Pulmonaria in floral arrangements! Here is why they can be a great addition:

    • Unique and interesting blooms: The trumpet or funnel-shaped flowers of Pulmonaria come in shades of pink, violet, blue, and even white. These colors and the flower shape can add a unique touch to your arrangements.
    • Long-lasting blooms: Although the initial flowering flush may only last a few weeks, cut Pulmonaria flowers can last in a vase for up to a week with proper care.
    • Textural interest: The foliage of Pulmonaria with its interesting patterns and silver speckles can add textural variety to your arrangements.

    Here are some things to consider when using Pulmonaria in floral arrangements:

    • Variety selection: There are many varieties of Pulmonaria to choose from, each with different flower colors and foliage characteristics. Consider the overall style and color scheme of your arrangement when selecting a variety.
    • Cutting: The best time to cut Pulmonaria flowers for arrangements is when they are just beginning to open. Use sharp shears to cut the stems at an angle.
    • Hydration: Give the cut stems a fresh cut before placing them in a vase filled with clean, cool water. Like most cut flowers, Pulmonaria will benefit from having a floral preservative added to the water. This will help to extend the vase life of the flowers.
    • Placement: Due to the delicate nature of the flowers, Pulmonaria might be best suited for smaller, more intimate arrangements. They can also be a beautiful filler flower in larger bouquets.

    Overall, Pulmonaria can be a lovely addition to floral arrangements, offering unique blooms, interesting textural elements, and extended vase life with proper care.

    No, Pulmonaria are not invasive plants. While they will spread slowly through creeping roots, they are not aggressive and are unlikely to take over your garden. In fact, they are often considered well-behaved perennials.

    Here's why Pulmonaria are not invasive:

    • Slow spread: They spread gradually by rhizomes, which are underground stems that grow outwards from the main plant. This slow spread allows for controlled growth and prevents them from overwhelming other plants.
    • Clump-forming: Pulmonaria tend to form clumps rather than sprawling uncontrollably. This makes them predictable in their growth pattern and easier to manage in the garden.
    • Not competitive: They are not particularly competitive with other plants and can coexist peacefully in a garden setting.

    In contrast, invasive plants spread rapidly and aggressively, often choking out native vegetation and disrupting ecosystems. Pulmonaria, with their slow and controlled growth, pose no such threat.

    Here are some additional points to consider:

    • Local regulations: While Pulmonaria are generally not invasive, it's always a good idea to check with your local authorities to see if there are any restrictions on planting them in your area.
    • Right plant, right place: Planting Pulmonaria in a suitable location, such as a shaded area with moist, well-drained soil, will help to ensure they remain well-behaved and do not become a nuisance.

    Overall, you can enjoy the beauty of Pulmonaria in your garden without worrying about it becoming invasive.

    The best time to propagate Pulmonaria is generally in the fall, specifically in late summer or early fall. Here is why:

    • Favorable conditions: Fall provides cool soil temperatures and moist conditions, which are ideal for the development of new roots on the divisions. This allows the propagated plants to establish themselves well before winter and return with strong growth in the spring.
    • After flowering: Pulmonaria can also be propagated in the spring, just after flowering is finished. However, fall propagation is generally preferred because it gives the new plants more time to establish themselves before winter.

    Here is a quick comparison of fall vs spring propagation for Pulmonaria:

    Factor

    Fall Propagation

    Spring Propagation

    Timing

    Late summer/Early fall

    Right after flowering

    Root development

    More favorable due to cool, moist soil

    Less ideal due to warmer temperatures

    Plant establishment

    More time for establishment before winter

    Less time for establishment before hot summer

    Overall Success Rate

    Generally higher

    Lower

    So, if you are looking for the best chance of success when propagating Pulmonaria, fall is the way to go.

    Pulmonaria offers a variety of benefits for your garden, both aesthetic and ecological. Here is a breakdown of the key advantages:

    Beauty and Interest:

    • Unique blooms: Pulmonaria boasts trumpet or funnel-shaped flowers in shades of pink, violet, blue, and white, adding a touch of elegance and variety to your garden in late winter or early spring, when few other plants are blooming.
    • Textural contrast: The foliage comes with interesting patterns and speckles, often in shades of green and silver, providing textural interest throughout the season, even after the flowers fade.
    • Long bloom time: While the initial flowering may only last a few weeks, some varieties can produce sporadic blooms throughout spring, extending the visual appeal.

    Low Maintenance:

    • Easy to grow: Pulmonaria are generally considered low-maintenance plants. They thrive in cool, moist, shaded locations and do not require constant attention.
    • Pest and disease resistant: Compared to other plants, they are relatively resistant to pests and diseases, reducing the need for frequent applications of pesticides or fungicides.
    • Drought tolerant (once established): While they prefer consistent moisture, established lungworts can handle drier periods fairly well.

    Wildlife and Pollinators:

    • Attracts pollinators: The early blooms and nectar-rich flowers of Pulmonaria are a valuable food source for pollinators like bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds, especially in the early spring when other options are scarce.
    • Habitat for beneficial insects: Their clump-forming growth habit creates a habitat for beneficial insects like beetles and spiders that can help control pest populations in your garden.

    Additional Benefits:

    • Non-invasive: Pulmonaria are not aggressive spreaders and are unlikely to take over your garden. They spread slowly through underground stems, allowing for controlled growth.
    • Long lifespan: With proper care, Pulmonaria can thrive in your garden for many years, rewarding you with beautiful blooms season after season.

    Overall, Pulmonaria offers a combination of aesthetic appeal, low maintenance requirements, and ecological benefits, making them a valuable addition to shade gardens.

    Pulmonaria got its name from a fascinating blend of observation and ancient beliefs:

    • The Doctrine of Signatures: This old doctrine held that plants resembling parts of the body could be used to treat ailments of those body parts.
    • Spotted Leaves: The leaves of some Pulmonaria species, particularly Pulmonaria officinalis, have white spots that reminded people of diseased, ulcerated lungs.  
    • Latin Roots: The name "Pulmonaria" comes from the Latin word "pulmo," meaning "lung."  

    So, because the leaves looked like lungs, people believed Pulmonaria could be used to treat lung ailments. While modern medicine does not support this, the name stuck!

    It is interesting how historical beliefs and observations shaped the way we name and understand plants, even today.

    Pulmonaria Species

    Pulmonaria longifolia, also known as Narrow-leaved Lungwort! It is a lovely species with some distinct characteristics that set it apart from other Pulmonaria varieties. Here is a rundown of its key features:

    Leaves:

    • Shape: As the name suggests, Pulmonaria longifolia has long, narrow leaves, often lance-shaped or slightly broader. This is a key distinguishing feature from other species with more oval or heart-shaped leaves.
    • Color: The leaves are typically dark green and heavily spotted with silvery-white markings, creating a striking contrast. Some cultivars may have even more pronounced silvering, making them appear almost entirely silver.

    Flowers:

    • Color: Like other Lungworts, the flowers undergo a fascinating color change, starting out pink or red and gradually shifting to blue or violet as they mature.
    • Shape: The flowers are funnel-shaped and clustered at the top of the stems.

    Growth Habit:

    • Pulmonaria longifolia is a clump-forming perennial that spreads slowly via rhizomes. It typically reaches a height of 1 to 1.5 feet and a width of 1.5 to 2.5 feet.

    Cultivation:

    • Hardiness: It is hardy in USDA zones 3 to 8, tolerating a wide range of temperatures.
    • Light: While it prefers partial shade, Pulmonaria longifolia can tolerate more sun than other Lungwort species. However, it is still best to avoid intense afternoon sun.
    • Soil: It thrives in moist, well-drained soil enriched with organic matter.

    Notable Cultivars:

    • 'Bertram Anderson': This cultivar boasts vivid blue flowers and long, narrow, silver-spotted leaves.
    • 'Dordogne': It features blue flowers on upright stems and large, lance-shaped leaves with silver-white spotting.
    • 'Ankum': This compact variety has bright violet-blue flowers and narrow, silvery leaves with wavy margins.

    If you are looking for a Lungwort with a bolder leaf texture and striking silver markings, Pulmonaria longifolia and its cultivars are excellent choices for your shade garden.

    Pulmonaria officinalis is the species that really gave the whole genus its name and reputation! It is often called Common Lungwort or Jerusalem Cowslip, and has a rich history intertwined with herbalism and folklore. Here is what makes it special:

    Appearance:

    • Leaves: One of its most distinctive features is the dark green leaves speckled with white spots. As mentioned before, these spots were thought to resemble diseased lungs, linking it to the Doctrine of Signatures. The leaves are oval-shaped and somewhat hairy.
    • Flowers: Pulmonaria officinalis typically has flowers that transition from coral pink to violet-blue as they age. This color change is quite dramatic and adds to the visual interest of the plant.

    Historical Uses:

    • Medicinal: As you might guess from the name, it was traditionally used to treat lung ailments like coughs, bronchitis, and asthma. While modern science does not fully support these uses, it contains compounds with potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
    • Culinary: In some regions, young leaves of Pulmonaria officinalis were used in salads or cooked as a vegetable.

    Growing Conditions:

    • Shade Lover: It thrives in partial to full shade, making it a great choice for woodland gardens or shady borders.
    • Moist Soil: It prefers consistently moist, well-drained soil enriched with organic matter.
    • Hardiness: Pulmonaria officinalis is hardy in USDA zones 3 to 8.

    Interesting Facts:

    • Symbolism: In the language of flowers, Pulmonaria officinalis can symbolize healing and protection.
    • Wildlife: The flowers are attractive to pollinators like bees and butterflies.

    If you are looking for a Lungwort with historical significance and those classic spotted leaves, Pulmonaria officinalis is a wonderful choice for your garden. It is a beautiful and low-maintenance plant that adds a touch of charm to any shady spot.

    Pulmonaria saccharata, also known as Bethlehem Sage or Bethlehem Lungwort, is a popular species prized for its exceptionally beautiful foliage. It is a real showstopper in the shade garden! Here is what you need to know:

    Leaves:

    • Distinctive Pattern: The leaves are what truly make this species stand out. They are dark green and heavily mottled with silvery-white patches, often giving them a frosted or "sugared" appearance. This is where the "saccharata" part of its name comes from, referring to sugar.
    • Shape and Texture: The leaves are generally elongated and slightly hairy, adding to their textural appeal.

    Flowers:

    • Color Change: Like other Lungworts, Pulmonaria saccharata features flowers that change color as they mature. They typically start out pink and transition to shades of blue or violet, creating a lovely mix of hues.
    • Shape: The flowers are funnel-shaped and clustered at the top of the stems, adding vertical interest to the plant.

    Growth Habit:

    • Clump-forming: It grows in clumps that spread slowly via rhizomes, making it a good choice for ground cover in shady areas.
    • Size: It typically reaches a height of 1 to 1.5 feet and spreads about 1.5 to 2 feet wide.

    Cultivation:

    • Shade Preference: Pulmonaria saccharata thrives in partial to full shade, making it ideal for woodland gardens or shady borders.
    • Moist Soil: It prefers consistently moist, well-drained soil that is rich in organic matter.
    • Hardiness: It is hardy in USDA zones 3 to 8, tolerating a wide range of climates.

    Popular Cultivars:

    • 'Mrs. Moon': A beloved cultivar with silvery-white leaves and pink to blue flowers.
    • 'Sissinghurst White': Features pure white flowers and heavily silvered foliage.
    • 'Leopard': Has large, bold silver spots on its leaves and vibrant blue flowers.

    If you are looking for a Lungwort with stunning foliage that will brighten up shady areas, Pulmonaria saccharata and its cultivars are excellent choices. They are relatively low-maintenance plants that provide long-lasting beauty in the garden.