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    • Salt Tolerant Plants

    Salt-tolerant perennial plants are a wonderful way to add vibrant color and life to coastal gardens, areas with salty runoff from roads, or naturally salty soil. These hardy plants have evolved to thrive in challenging conditions, making them low-maintenance and resilient choices for landscapes exposed to salt spray or salty soils.

    When choosing salt-tolerant perennials, it is important to consider your specific conditions. Some plants can tolerate direct salt spray, while others are better suited to areas with salty soil. It is also crucial to ensure proper drainage, as even salt-tolerant plants can struggle in waterlogged conditions.

    With careful selection and proper care, you can create a beautiful and thriving garden even in challenging  environments.

    • Hosta BLUEBERRY MUFFIN 20ct Flat Hosta BLUEBERRY MUFFIN 20ct Flat

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Blueberry Muffin' (20)ct Flat

      Blueberry Muffin' Hosta (Meyer) (20)ct Flat This excellent blue hosta is a strong grower and reliable performer in the landscape. It forms a medium sized mound of large, blue, rounded leaves that are rugose and puckered in unusual patterns...

      $290.90
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    • Hosta BROTHER STEFAN 20ct Flat Hosta BROTHER STEFAN 20ct Flat

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Brother Stefan' (20)ct Flat

      'Brother Stefan' Hosta (Petryszyn 1998) (20)ct Flat A large sized hosta with a moderate growth rate. Described by many as the most spectacular hosta they have ever seen! This bright gold center will catch visitors' eyes. Thick,...

      $283.02
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    • Hosta 'Brother Stefan' (4) 1-gallons Hosta 'Brother Stefan' (4) 1-gallons

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Brother Stefan' (4) 1-gallons

      BROTHER STEFAN Hosta (Petryszyn 1998) (4) 1-gallons Medium to Large. Large, heavily corrugated leaves have a gold center edged with chartreuse and a wide dark green margin. Mature size: 25 inches height and 30+ inches wide, medium growth rate...

      $127.26
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    • Hosta CAPTAIN KIRK 25 BR Plants Hosta CAPTAIN KIRK 25 BR Plants

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Captain Kirk' (25) BR Plants

      Hosta 'Captain Kirk' (Brill 1999) (25) Bare Root Plants An impressive, eye-catching large hosta; makes an excellent specimen plant An improved sport of 'Gold Standard' with much wider, dark green margins, gold centers, and heavier substance Pale...

      $252.29
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    • Hosta CATHEDRAL WINDOWS PP17295 20ct Flat Hosta CATHEDRAL WINDOWS PP17295 20ct Flat

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Cathedral Windows' PP17295 (20)ct Flat

      Hosta 'Cathedral Windows' PP17295 (20)ct FlatCommon Name: Hosta Improving on his award-winning hybrid ‘Stained Glass’, this new selection from Hans Hansen is a large, tetraploid conversion. Like a brighter version of ‘Holy...

      $273.31
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    • Hosta 'Coast to Coast' PP26469 (20)ct Flat Hosta 'Coast to Coast' PP26469 (20)ct Flat

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Coast to Coast' PP26469 (20)ct Flat

      Hosta 'Coast to Coast' PP26469 CPBR5335 (20)ct FlatSHADOWLAND® CollectionCommon Name: Hosta ‘Coast to Coast’ is a giant, solid gold hosta that makes a striking specimen in the shade garden. Its foliage emerges gold in spring and turns...

      $272.56
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    • Hosta 'Coast to Coast' PPAF (4) 1-gallons Hosta 'Coast to Coast' PPAF (4) 1-gallons

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Coast to Coast' PPAF (4) 1-gallons

      Hosta 'Coast to Coast' PPAF (4) 1-gallons Hosta 'Coast to Coast' is a striking and vigorous hosta known for its impressive size and dramatic, tricolored foliage. This large hosta features heart-shaped leaves with a wide, creamy white margin that...

      $134.26
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    • Hosta CURLY FRIES 10ct Flat Hosta CURLY FRIES 10ct Flat

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Curly Fries' (10)ct Quarts

      Hosta 'Curly Fries'  2016 AHG Hosta of the Year Height: 5 Inches, Spread: 16 Inches, Scape Height: 23 InchesFlower Color: lavender with purple strpes, Foliage Color: Variegated shadesHardiness Zone: 3 - 9Part shade - Full shade Hosta 'Curly Fries'...

      $126.38
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    • Hosta 'Curly Fries' (20)ct Flat Hosta CURLY FRIES 20ct Flat

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Curly Fries' (20)ct Flat

      Hosta 'Curly Fries' (20)ct Flat This irresistible miniature to small sized hosta is the perfect accompaniment for bright blue hostas like ‘Prairie Sky’, especially when planted together in containers or near the front of the border. It...

      $246.98
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    • Hosta 'Dancing Queen' Photos courtesy of Walters Gardens, Inc. Hosta 'Dancing Queen' Photos courtesy of Walters Gardens, Inc.

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Dancing Queen' (20)ct Flat

      Hosta 'Dancing Queen' (Terpening 2005) (20)ct Flat We are thrilled to be able to offer this exceptionally unique large, yellow hosta from Kent Terpening.  Unlike other yellow hostas which emerge or turn chartreuse, ‘Dancing Queen’...

      $246.98
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    • Hosta 'Dancing Queen' (4) 1-gallons Hosta 'Dancing Queen' (4) 1-gallons

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Dancing Queen' (4) 1-gallons

      DANCING QUEEN Hosta (Terpening 2005) (4) 1-gallons 2020 Hosta of the Year Hosta 'Dancing Queen' is a vibrant and dynamic hosta that adds a touch of whimsy and bright color to the shade garden. This medium-sized hosta features heart-shaped leaves...

      $122.72
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    • Hosta Dancing with Dragons PP32040 20ct Flat Hosta 'Dancing with Dragons' PP32040 (20)ct Flat

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Dancing with Dragons' PP32040 (20)ct Flat

      Hosta 'Dancing with Dragons' PP32040 (20)ct Flat This beautiful blue hosta positively dances when you look at it. Heart-shaped leaves have margins that are heavily rippled and give the hosta an overall wavy appearance. As an added bonus, 'Dancing with...

      $261.30
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    • Hosta Diamond Lake PPAF 20ct Flat Hosta Diamond Lake PPAF 20ct Flat

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Diamond Lake' PP30769 (20)ct Flat

      Hosta 'Diamond Lake' PP30769 CPBRAF (20)ct FlatSHADOWLAND® CollectionCommon Name: Hosta Attractive, heart-shaped, thick and heavily corrugated blue leaves have wavy margins. The large size of this plant also translates to large leaves: they can...

      $274.00
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    • Hosta 'Diamond Lake' PP30769 (4) 1-gallons Hosta 'Diamond Lake' PP30769 (4) 1-gallons

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Diamond Lake' PP30769 (4) 1-gallons

      Hosta 'Diamond Lake' PP30769 CPBRAF (4) 1-gallons ® CollectionCommon Name: Hosta Attractive, heart-shaped, thick and heavily corrugated blue leaves have wavy margins. The large size of this plant also translates to large leaves: they can get up...

      $133.26
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    • Hosta DREAM WEAVER 20ct Flat Hosta DREAM WEAVER 20ct Flat

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Dream Weaver' (20)ct Flat

      Hosta 'Dream Weaver' (B. Reutenik, K. Walek 96) (20)ct FlatMedium - Large. A sport of 'Great Expectations' Large, distinctive leaves have very wide, blue-green margins and sharply contrasting creamy white centers Leaves are nearly round and...

      $240.36
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    • Hosta Drop Dead Gorgeous PPAF 20ct Flat Hosta Drop Dead Gorgeous PPAF 20ct Flat

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Drop Dead Gorgeous' PP33318 (20)ct Flat

      Hosta 'Drop Dead Gorgeous' PP33318 (20)ct Flat A beautifully variegated large, majestic hosta. Large, ovate leaves have green centers with brightly contrasting yellow margins. The margins are heavily rippled and give the leaves a lightly wavy...

      $273.31
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    • Hosta EARTH ANGEL 20ct Flat Hosta EARTH ANGEL 20ct Flat

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Earth Angel' (20)ct Flat

      'Earth Angel' Hosta (Hansen/Shady Oaks Nursery 2002)Medium to Large. A superb introduction from Hans Hansen. A sport of 'Blue Angel' Large, heart-shaped, blue-green leaves with wide, creamy-white margins that are creamy yellow in spring. Nicely...

      $246.98
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    • Hosta 'Echo the Sun' PPAF (10)ct Quarts Hosta 'Echo the Sun' PPAF (10)ct Quarts

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Echo the Sun' PPAF (10)ct Quarts

      Hosta 'Echo the Sun' PPAF CPBRAF (10)ct Quarts Proven Winners® ® CollectionCommon Name: Hosta 'Echo the Sun' is a bright yellow hosta with nicely rippled margins; comparable to a gold version of the blue 'Diamond Lake'. The low, mounded...

      $137.17
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    • Hosta Echo the Sun PPAF 20ct Flat Hosta Echo the Sun PPAF 20ct Flat

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Echo the Sun' PPAF (20)ct Flat

      Hosta 'Echo the Sun' PPAF CPBRAF (20)ct FlatProven Winners® SHADOWLAND® CollectionCommon Name: Hosta 'Echo the Sun' is a bright yellow hosta with nicely rippled margins; comparable to a gold version of the blue 'Diamond Lake'. The low, mounded...

      $281.57
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    • Hosta sieboldiana ELEGANS 20ct Flat Hosta sieboldiana 'Elegans' (20)ct Flat

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Elegans' (20)ct Flat

      Hosta sieboldiana 'Elegans' (AHS 1987) (20)ct Flat Huge 10x9", blue-gray, rounded leaves They become heavily textured and corrugated as they mature; slug resistant Blue leaf color is best achieved in light sun White flowers bloom in clusters...

      $240.36
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    • Hosta EMPRESS WU PP20774 20ct Flat Hosta EMPRESS WU PP20774 20ct Flat

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Empress Wu' PP20774 (20)ct Flat

      'Empress Wu' Hosta (Skaggs 2008) (20)ct FlatVery Large. Huge dark green, deeply veined leaves of good substance can measure more than 1½' wide and long. Large leaves are formed as a young plant, though entire clump takes about 5 years...

      $272.28
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    • Hosta 'Empress Wu' PP20774 (4) 1-gallons Hosta 'Empress Wu' PP20774 (4) 1-gallons

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Empress Wu' PP20774 (4) 1-gallons

      'Empress Wu' Hosta (Skaggs 2008) (4) 1-gallons Hosta 'Empress Wu' is a truly majestic and aptly named hosta, renowned for its massive size and impressive presence. This giant among hostas boasts huge, heart-shaped, slightly corrugated leaves...

      $134.26
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    • Hosta Etched Glass PPAF 25 BR Plants Hosta Etched Glass PPAF 25 BR Plants

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Etched Glass' PP30748 (20)ct Flat

      Hosta 'Etched Glass' PP30748 CPBRAF (25) bare root clumpsSHADOWLAND® CollectionCommon Name: Hosta There are hostas, and then there's 'Etched Glass'-bringing style and refinement to your hosta garden. This sport of 'Stained Glass' has wider margins...

      $280.86
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    • Hosta Fire and Ice 20ct Flat Hosta Fire and Ice 20ct Flat

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Fire and Ice' (20)ct Flat

      Hosta 'Fire and Ice' (Hansen/Shady Oaks Nursery, 1999) Small - Medium.Pure white centers and very dark green margins.Upright with twisted, moderately folded, broadly ovate leaves.Lavender flowers on white flower stems.Parentage: sport of Patriot.The...

      $246.98
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    • Hosta 'Fire and Ice' (4) 1-gallons Hosta 'Fire and Ice' (4) 1-gallons

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Fire and Ice' (4) 1-gallons

      Hosta 'Fire and Ice' (Hansen/Shady Oaks Nursery, 1999) (4) 1-gallons Small - Medium. Pure white centers and very dark green margins. Upright with twisted, moderately folded, broadly ovate leaves. Lavender flowers on white flower stems. Parentage:...

      $122.72
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    • Hosta FIRE ISLAND 20ct Flat Hosta FIRE ISLAND 20ct Flat

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Fire Island' (20)ct Flat

      Hosta 'Fire Island' (Brinka 1998) (20)ct Flat A small to medium sized hosta that is hard to miss in the spring garden Leaves emerge brilliant yellow on red petioles; red coloring extends from the base of the petiole up into the leaves As the...

      $241.94
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    • Hosta FIRE ISLAND Hosta FIRE ISLAND

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Fire Island' (4) 1-gallons

      'Fire Island' Hosta (4) 1-gallons Small - Medium. Brilliant yellow, intensely wavy, broadly ovate leaves and light red petioles with red coloration extending into leaf base. Mature size about 14 inches high and 34 inches...

      $122.72
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    • Hosta FIRST FROST 20ct Flat Hosta FIRST FROST 20ct Flat

      Hosta

      Hosta 'First Frost' (20)ct Flat

      Hosta 'First Frost' (20)ct Flat A sport of 'Halcyon' with the same intense blue-green leaf center Emerges with a gold margin early in the spring, then changes to pure white later in the season The leaves hold up well in the garden all season long...

      $269.45
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    • Hosta Fortunei Aureomarginata Photos courtesy of Walters Gardens, Inc. Hosta Fortunei Aureomarginata Photos courtesy of Walters Gardens, Inc.

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Fortunei Aureomarginata' (25) BR Plants

      Hosta 'Fortunei Aureomarginata' (Hylander - AMS 1987) (25) Bare Root Plants Spinach green leaves with a hint of blue and deep golden-yellow margins measuring ƒ??" to ½" wide Margins hold their color all season long The broadly ovate leaves are...

      $215.35
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    • Hosta FRANCEE 25 BR Plants Hosta FRANCEE 25 BR Plants

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Francee' (25) BR Plants

      'Francee' Hosta (M. Klopping/AHS 1986) (25) bare root clumps Medium to dark green, somewhat glossy, heart-shaped leaves have narrow, clean white margins  Variegation holds up very well in sun  Forms a wide, low mound of foliage making it...

      $215.35
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    • Hosta 'Gigantosaurus' PP35135 (20)ct Flat Hosta 'Gigantosaurus' PP35135 (20)ct Flat

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Gigantosaurus' PP35135 (20)ct Flat

      Hosta 'Gigantosaurus' PP35135 CPBRAF (20)ct Flat Proven Winners® SHADOWLAND® Collection Common Name: HostaThe massive size and leaves of 'Gigantosaurus' will have your garden feeling like Jurassic Park. This variety will come roaring to life in...

      $280.86
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    • Hosta GOLD STANDARD 25 BR Plants Hosta GOLD STANDARD 25 BR Plants

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Gold Standard' (25) BR Plants

      'Gold Standard' Hosta (Banyai 1976) (25) bare root clumpsLarge. An ever-popular, classic hosta; large, ovate leaves have dark green marginsLeaf centers emerge light green in the spring and become progressively more gold towards early summer;...

      $209.39
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    • Hosta Guacamole 25 BR Plants Hosta Guacamole 25 BR Plants

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Guacamole' (25) BR Plants

      'Guacamole' Hosta (Solberg 1994) (25) Bare Root Plants Huge, glossy, apple green leaves are surrounded by streaked, dark green leaf margins just like an avocadoLeaf centers become brighter gold in summer and when exposed to more sunlight while the...

      $239.42
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    • Hosta GUACAMOLE Hosta GUACAMOLE

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Guacamole' (4) 1-gallons

      'Guacamole' Hosta (4) 1-gallons Huge, glossy, apple green leaves are surrounded by streaked, dark green leaf margins just like an avocado Leaf centers become brighter gold in summer and when exposed to more sunlight while the margins remain dark...

      $122.72
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    • Hosta HALCYON 20ct Flat Hosta HALCYON 20ct Flat

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Halcyon' (20)ct Flat

      Hosta 'Halcyon' (20)ct Flat A popular mid-sized, blue hosta; leaves are frosty blue-green and pointed A superb grower with thick leaves that demonstrate good slug resistance Pale blue-violet flowers appear on 28" scapes in midsummer Attracts both...

      $241.94
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    • Hosta High Society PP17313 20ct Flat Hosta High Society PP17313 20ct Flat

      Hosta

      Hosta 'High Society' PP17313 (20)ct Flat

      Hosta 'High Society' (Hansen/Shady Oaks Nursery 2004) (20)ct Flat Small sized hosta great for containers or the front of the border A stunning sport of 'June' Sport of 'June' with distinctly wider, blue margins Yellow center brightens to...

      $265.72
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    • Hosta 'Hope Springs Eternal' PP33266 (20)ct Flat Hosta 'Hope Springs Eternal' PP33266 (20)ct Flat

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Hope Springs Eternal' PP33266 (20)ct Flat

      Hosta 'Hope Springs Eternal' PP33266 CPBRAF (20)ct FlatProven Winners SHADOWLAND CollectionCommon Name: Hosta All gardening is an exercise in optimism, and 'Hope Springs Eternal' is appropriate name for a hosta that will bring joy year after year...

      $279.15
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    • Hosta HUDSON BAY PP23598 20ct Flat Hosta HUDSON BAY PP23598 20ct Flat

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Hudson Bay' PP23598 (20)ct Flat

      Hosta 'Hudson Bay' PP23598 (20)ct FlatSHADOWLAND® Collection An improvement over its parent, ‘Eskimo Pie’, this new sport is a much showier, larger specimen and a stronger grower overall. The wider, brighter blue margin and...

      $281.57
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    • Hosta 'Hudson Bay' PP23598 (4) 1-gallons Hosta 'Hudson Bay' PP23598 (4) 1-gallons

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Hudson Bay' PP23598 (4) 1-gallons

      Hosta 'Hudson Bay' PP23598 (4) 1-gallons Sport of 'Eskimo Pie' with a wider, brighter blue margin and apple green jetting which contrast nicely with the creamy white center Faster grower than its parent Near-white flowers in early summer...

      $134.26
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    • Hosta HUMPBACK WHALE 20ct Flat Hosta HUMPBACK WHALE 20ct Flat

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Humpback Whale' (20)ct Flat

      Hosta 'Humpback Whale' (20)ct Flat ‘Humpback Whale’ forms a massive, dome-shaped mound of blue-green, corrugated, heart-shaped leaves. Its color is bluest in the springtime. Blue-green scapes carry near-white, bell-shaped flowers in...

      $264.39
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    • Hosta JUNE 20ct Flat Hosta JUNE 20ct Flat

      Hosta

      Hosta 'June' (20)ct Flat

       'June' Hosta (Neo Plants 1991) A sport of 'Halcyon' Pointed, ovate leaves have distinct, beautiful variegation Leaves have wide, streaked, blue-green margins and chartreuse centers in spring. Leaf center becomes medium to light gold in summer...

      $241.94
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    • Hosta JUNE Hosta JUNE

      Hosta

      Hosta 'June' (4) 1-gallons

      'June' Hosta (Neo Plants 1991) (4) 1-gallons Medium. Light yellow with irregular, streaked, dark blue green margin. Mature size - 20 inches wide x 15-inch height. Lavender Flower. 2001 Hosta of the Year. sport of HALCYON. Hosta 'June' is a...

      $122.72
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    • Hosta LAKESIDE PAISLEY PRINT Hosta LAKESIDE PAISLEY PRINT

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Lakeside Paisley Print' (4) 1-gallons

      Hosta 'Lakeside Paisley Print' (4) 1-gallons One of the very best hostas to come from Mary Chastain! This stunning hosta produces heart-shaped leaves with very wide, wavy, green margins. The narrow, creamy white markings in the center of the...

      $120.91
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    • Hosta LIBERTY PP#12,531 20ct Flat Hosta LIBERTY PP#12,531 20ct Flat

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Liberty' PP#12,531 (20)ct Flat

      'Liberty' Hosta (Machen 2000) (20)ct Flat A gorgeous sport of H. 'Sagae' Blue-green leaves have wide, dramatically streaked, yellow margins which fade to creamy-white later in the season They are of much heavier substance, providing greater slug...

      $252.74
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    • Hosta 'Lone Star' PP35134 (20)ct Flat Hosta 'Lone Star' PP35134 (20)ct Flat

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Lone Star' PP35134 (20)ct Flat

      Hosta 'Lone Star' PP35134 CPBRAF (20)ct Flat Proven Winners® SHADOWLAND® Collection Common Name: HostaA green-centered sport of the popular 'Key West'. Leaves are a medium green with a vivid gold margin. Bright filtered shade draws out the most...

      $280.86
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    • Hosta 'Love Story' PP34224 (20)ct Flat Hosta 'Love Story' PP34224 (20)ct Flat

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Love Story' PP34224 (20)ct Flat

      Hosta 'Love Story' PP34224 CPBRAF (20)ct FlatProven Winners SHADOWLAND CollectionCommon Name: Hosta This Hosta will be a part of your garden "love story." Long heart-shaped leaves have medium green margins with chartreuse jetting that bleeds into...

      $280.86
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    • Hosta MAUI BUTTERCUPS 10ct Flat Hosta MAUI BUTTERCUPS 10ct Flat

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Maui Buttercups' (10)ct Quarts

      MAUI BUTTERCUPS Hosta (Vaughn 1991) Small. Yellow leathery, cupped, rounded and heavily rugose. Leaves are about 5 inches wide and 5 inches long. Mature size about 10 inches high and 14 inches wide, mounding. Lavender flowers. Parents: FRANCES WILLIAMS...

      $122.38
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    • Hosta MAUI BUTTERCUPS 20ct Flat Hosta MAUI BUTTERCUPS 20ct Flat

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Maui Buttercups' (20)ct Flat

      'Maui Buttercups' Hosta (Vaughn 1991) (20)ct FlatSmall. One of the very best small, yellow hostas Bright gold, 5", rounded leaves are deeply cupped and corrugated They are of heavy substance and demonstrate good slug resistance Near white...

      $247.23
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    • Hosta MINUTEMAN 20ct Flat Hosta MINUTEMAN 20ct Flat

      Hosta

      Hosta 'Minuteman' (20)ct Flat

      'Minuteman' Hosta (Machen 1994) (20)ct FlatMedium. A sport of 'Francee' Stunning, very dark green leaves are surrounded by a wide, pure white margin Leaves have good substance, and are sometimes cupped and slightly wavy Pale lavender striped...

      $241.94
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    Compare Selected

    Salt tolerance in plants varies widely. Some species can thrive in environments with high salinity, while others are more sensitive. Here's a breakdown of characteristics and care tips for highly and moderately salt-tolerant perennial plants:

    Characteristics:

    • Succulent leaves: These plants often have fleshy leaves that can store water and help tolerate salinity.
    • Deep roots: Deep roots allow plants to access water and nutrients from deeper soil layers, which can be less salty.
    • Waxy cuticles: A waxy coating on the leaves can help reduce water loss and protect against salt damage.
    • Salt glands: Some plants have specialized glands that can secrete excess salt.

    How to Grow:

    • Soil: Use well-draining soil that is rich in organic matter. Salt can accumulate in poorly drained soils, leading to root rot.
    • Light: Most salt-tolerant perennials prefer full sun, but some can tolerate partial shade.
    • Water: While salt-tolerant plants can handle drought, regular watering is still important to prevent salt buildup. Avoid overwatering, as this can also lead to problems.
    • Fertilizing: Fertilize sparingly, as excessive nutrients can exacerbate salt stress. Use a balanced fertilizer that is low in sodium.
    • Maintenance and Pruning: Regular maintenance, including deadheading and pruning, can help promote healthy growth and reduce salt stress.

    salt tolerant Plants:

    • Aquilegia (Columbine): Delicate, bell-shaped flowers with spurs, often in shades of blue, purple, pink, and white. Attracts hummingbirds and butterflies. Prefers partial shade and well-drained soil.
    • Armeria (Sea Thrift): Compact, mound-forming with grassy foliage and globe-shaped clusters of pink, white, or red flowers. Drought-tolerant and thrives in full sun. Good for rock gardens and coastal areas.
    • Dianthus (Pinks): Fragrant flowers with fringed petals in various colors, including pink, white, red, and purple. Many varieties, from low-growing groundcovers to taller border plants. Prefer full sun and well-drained soil.
    • Gaillardia (Blanket Flower): Daisy-like flowers in bright shades of red, orange, and yellow. Long blooming period and drought-tolerant. Attracts pollinators.
    • Hemerocallis (Daylilies): Trumpet-shaped flowers in a wide range of colors. Each flower lasts only a day, but plants produce many buds for an extended bloom time. Adaptable to various conditions.
    • Lantana: Clusters of colorful flowers in shades of red, orange, yellow, and purple. Attracts butterflies and hummingbirds. Drought-tolerant and thrives in full sun.
    • Lotus corniculatus (Bird's foot trefoil): Low-growing with clusters of small, yellow, pea-like flowers. Good for groundcover and erosion control. Tolerates poor soil and drought.
    • Calamagrostis (Feather Reed Grass): Upright ornamental grass with feathery plumes. Provides vertical interest and movement in the garden. Prefers full sun and moist soil.
    • Cortaderia selloana (Pampas Grass): Tall, dramatic grass with large, plume-like flower heads. Can be invasive in some areas. Prefers full sun and well-drained soil.
    • Erianthus ravennae (Ravenna or Plume Grass): Tall, imposing grass with silvery-white plumes. Adds a dramatic accent to the landscape. Prefers full sun and moist soil.
    • Helictotrichon sempervirens (Blue Oat Grass): Mounding grass with blue-gray foliage and delicate flower spikes. Provides texture and contrast in the garden. Drought-tolerant and prefers full sun.
    • Miscanthus (Maiden Grass): Variety of sizes and forms with attractive foliage and feathery plumes. Provides fall and winter interest. Prefers full sun and moist soil.
    • Panicum virgatum (Upright Switch Grass): Native grass with upright form and airy flower panicles. Provides fall color and winter interest. Adaptable to various conditions.
    • Schizachyrium (Little Blue Stem Grass): Native grass with blue-green foliage that turns reddish-bronze in fall. Provides vertical interest and habitat for wildlife. Prefers full sun and well-drained soil.
    • Cyrtomium falcatum (Holly Fern): Evergreen fern with glossy, leathery fronds. Adds texture and interest to shade gardens. Prefers moist, well-drained soil.
    • Echeveria rosea (Desert Rose): Succulent with rosettes of fleshy leaves. Produces pink or orange flowers. Drought-tolerant and prefers full sun.
    • Eryngium planum (Sea Holly): Unique thistle-like plant with silvery-blue bracts and cone-shaped flower heads. Attracts pollinators. Drought-tolerant and prefers full sun.
    • Ficus pumila (Creeping Fig): Vigorous vine with small leaves that can climb walls and cover surfaces. Can be invasive. Prefers full sun to partial shade.
    • Hedera canariensis (Algerian Ivy): Fast-growing vine with large leaves. Can be invasive. Prefers shade to partial shade.
    • Hedera helix (English Ivy): Classic evergreen vine with smaller leaves than Algerian Ivy. Can be invasive. Prefers shade to partial shade.
    • Liriope spicata (Lilyturf): Grass-like groundcover with dark green foliage and spikes of purple flowers. Tolerates shade and drought.
    • Ophiopogon japonicas (Mondo): Grass-like groundcover with dark green or black foliage. Low-maintenance and tolerates shade.
    • Trachelospermum asiaticum (Asiatic Jasmine): Evergreen vine with fragrant white flowers. Can be used as a groundcover or climber. Prefers full sun to partial shade.

    Achillea (Yarrow)

    • Characteristics: Fern-like, aromatic foliage; flat clusters of white, yellow, pink, or red flowers; drought-tolerant; attracts pollinators.
    • Growth Habit: Upright, clump-forming.
    • Culture: Full sun; well-drained soil.

    Anthemis (Perennial Marguerite)

    • Characteristics: Daisy-like flowers in white, yellow, or peach; finely divided foliage; long blooming season.
    • Growth Habit: Bushy, mounding.
    • Culture: Full sun; well-drained soil.

    Artemisia schmidtiana (Silver Mound)

    • Characteristics: Silvery-white, finely textured foliage; low-growing, mounding habit; aromatic.
    • Growth Habit: Compact, mound-forming.
    • Culture: Full sun; well-drained soil.

    Aster (Michaelmas Daisy)

    • Characteristics: Star-shaped flowers in shades of blue, purple, pink, and white; late-season blooms; attracts butterflies.
    • Growth Habit: Upright, bushy.
    • Culture: Full sun to part shade; well-drained soil.

    Bergenia cordifolia ('Winterglut')

    • Characteristics: Large, leathery leaves that often turn reddish in winter; pink or red flowers in spring; shade tolerant.
    • Growth Habit: Clump-forming.
    • Culture: Part shade to full shade; moist, well-drained soil.

    Echinops (Globe Thistle)

    • Characteristics: Globular, steel-blue flower heads; spiny foliage; attracts pollinators.
    • Growth Habit: Upright, branching.
    • Culture: Full sun; well-drained soil.

    Erigeron (Fleabane)

    • Characteristics: Daisy-like flowers in shades of blue, purple, pink, and white; long blooming season; attracts butterflies.
    • Growth Habit: Varies by species, from low-growing to upright.
    • Culture: Full sun to part shade; well-drained soil.

    Euphorbia (Spurge)

    • Characteristics: Diverse group with varied foliage and flower forms; many have colorful bracts; some have milky sap.
    • Growth Habit: Varies greatly by species.
    • Culture: Varies by species, but most prefer full sun and well-drained soil.

    Festuca (Blue Fescue Grass)

    • Characteristics: Blue-gray foliage; ornamental grass; low-maintenance; drought-tolerant.
    • Growth Habit: Clump-forming.
    • Culture: Full sun; well-drained soil.

    Gypsophila paniculata (Baby's Breath)

    • Characteristics: Airy clouds of tiny white or pink flowers; excellent for cut flower arrangements.
    • Growth Habit: Upright, branching.
    • Culture: Full sun; well-drained soil.

    Helleborus (Lenten Rose)

    • Characteristics: Early-blooming flowers in shades of white, pink, purple, and green; shade tolerant.
    • Growth Habit: Clump-forming.
    • Culture: Part shade to full shade; moist, well-drained soil.

    Heuchera (Coral Bells)

    • Characteristics: Colorful foliage in shades of red, purple, bronze, and green; small bell-shaped flowers.
    • Growth Habit: Mounding.
    • Culture: Part shade to full shade; well-drained soil.

    Hosta (Plantain Lily)

    • Characteristics: Large, attractive leaves in various colors and patterns; shade tolerant.
    • Growth Habit: Mounding.
    • Culture: Part shade to full shade; moist, well-drained soil.

    Iris (Bearded Iris)

    • Characteristics: Showy flowers with intricate patterns and colors; sword-like foliage.
    • Growth Habit: Rhizomatous.
    • Culture: Full sun; well-drained soil.

    Kniphofia hirsuta (Red Hot Poker)

    • Characteristics: Tall, upright spikes of fiery red, orange, and yellow flowers.
    • Growth Habit: Clump-forming.
    • Culture: Full sun; well-drained soil.

    Lupinus (Lupine)

    • Characteristics: Tall spikes of pea-like flowers in shades of blue, purple, pink, and white; attracts pollinators.
    • Growth Habit: Upright.
    • Culture: Full sun; well-drained soil.

    Oenothera (Sundrops & Evening Primrose)

    • Characteristics: Cup-shaped flowers in shades of yellow, pink, or white; some are night-blooming.
    • Growth Habit: Varies by species, from low-growing to upright.
    • Culture: Full sun; well-drained soil.

    Penstemon (Beard Tongue)

    • Characteristics: Tubular flowers in a wide range of colors; attracts hummingbirds.
    • Growth Habit: Varies by species, from low-growing to upright.
    • Culture: Full sun; well-drained soil.

    Perovskia (Russian Sage)

    • Characteristics: Aromatic, silvery-gray foliage; lavender-blue flowers; drought-tolerant.
    • Growth Habit: Upright, shrub-like.
    • Culture: Full sun; well-drained soil.

    Phlox (Thrift)

    • Characteristics: Clusters of fragrant flowers in shades of pink, purple, white, and red; some are low-growing, others are tall.
    • Growth Habit: Varies by species.
    • Culture: Varies by species, but most prefer full sun and well-drained soil.

    Sedum (Stonecrop)

    • Characteristics: Succulent foliage; star-shaped flowers in shades of pink, red, and white; drought-tolerant.
    • Growth Habit: Varies by species, from low-growing to upright.
    • Culture: Full sun; well-drained soil.

    Sempervivum (Hens & Chicks)

    • Characteristics: Rosette-forming succulents; low-growing; drought-tolerant.
    • Growth Habit: Mat-forming.
    • Culture: Full sun; well-drained soil.

    Stachys (Lamb's Ear)

    • Characteristics: Soft, fuzzy, silvery-gray foliage.
    • Growth Habit: Spreading.
    • Culture: Full sun; well-drained soil.

    Thymus (Creeping Thyme)

    • Characteristics: Aromatic foliage; low-growing; groundcover; culinary herb.
    • Growth Habit: Creeping, mat-forming.
    • Culture: Full sun; well-drained soil.

    Veronica (Speedwell)

    • Characteristics: Spikes of small flowers in shades of blue, purple, pink, and white.
    • Growth Habit: Varies by species, from low-growing to upright.
    • Culture: Full sun; well-drained soil.

    Yucca (Adam's Needle)

    • Characteristics: Sword-like, evergreen foliage; tall flower spikes with white, bell-shaped flowers.
    • Growth Habit: Upright, architectural.
    • Culture: Full sun; well-drained soil.

    Salt tolerant perennials

    Salt tolerant perennials are tough! They are able to thrive in soil that has elevated salt levels, which can come from a variety of sources, such as:

    • Coastal areas: Ocean spray and salty winds can deposit salt onto soil near the coast.
    • Road salt: Winter salting of roads can leach salt into nearby soil.
    • Irrigation water: Some irrigation water naturally contains high levels of salt.
    • De-icing salts: Salts used to melt ice on sidewalks and driveways can contaminate soil.

    Here are some examples of salt tolerant perennials, along with some of their characteristics:

    When choosing salt tolerant perennials for your garden, it is important to consider the level of salt tolerance of the plants in which you are interested. Some plants are more tolerant of salt than others. It is also a good idea to test your soil to see how much salt it contains. This will help you choose plants that are likely to thrive in your conditions.

    With a little planning, you can create a beautiful and thriving garden, even if your soil is on the salty side.

    There are many benefits to planting salt-tolerant perennials in your garden, especially if you live in a coastal area, near heavily salted roads, or have naturally saline soil. Here are some of the key advantages:

    Thrive in challenging conditions:

    • Salt tolerance: As the name suggests, these plants can withstand higher salt levels in the soil, which would harm most other plants. This makes them ideal for coastal gardens, areas with road salt runoff, or naturally saline soils.
    • Drought tolerance: Many salt-tolerant perennials are also adapted to drier conditions, requiring less frequent watering. This is helpful in areas with limited rainfall or water restrictions.
    • Poor soil tolerance: Some salt-tolerant perennials can even tolerate poor soil quality, making them suitable for areas with sandy or rocky soil.

    Low maintenance:

    • Long lifespans: Perennials generally live for several years, so you will not need to replant them every year. This saves you time and money.
    • Minimal water needs: Once established, most salt-tolerant perennials require minimal watering, making them low-maintenance options.
    • Minimal fertilization: Many salt-tolerant perennials thrive with little to no fertilizer, reducing the need for additional inputs.

    Aesthetic appeal:

    • Variety of colors and textures: Salt-tolerant perennials come in a wide variety of colors, shapes, and sizes, allowing you to create unique and visually appealing landscaping.
    • Year-round interest: Some salt-tolerant perennials offer year-round interest, with attractive foliage, flowers, or berries throughout the seasons.
    • Attract pollinators: Many salt-tolerant perennials attract bees, butterflies, and other pollinators, adding to the biodiversity of your garden.

    Environmental benefits:

    • Erosion control: The deep root systems of salt-tolerant perennials help to hold soil in place, preventing erosion in coastal areas and on slopes.
    • Reduce water usage: Their drought tolerance helps conserve water, especially in areas with limited resources.
    • Reduce fertilizer runoff: Their minimal fertilizer needs help to protect water quality from harmful pollutants.

    Overall, planting salt-tolerant perennials is a smart choice for gardeners who want low-maintenance, beautiful, and environmentally friendly landscaping solutions in challenging conditions.

    Choosing the right salt-tolerant perennials for your garden can be a fun and rewarding process! Here are some steps to help you make the best selections:

    Consider the level of salt exposure:

    • High: If your garden is near the ocean, receives road spray, or has naturally salty soil, choose plants with high salt tolerance like sea thrift, seaside lavender, or creeping thyme.
    • Moderate: For areas with occasional salt exposure, plants like daylilies, coral bells, and ornamental grasses can handle a bit of salt.
    • Low: If salt exposure is minimal, you have more flexibility and can choose a wider variety of perennials, but keep in mind that not all common garden plants are salt-tolerant.

    Think about your garden's conditions:

    • Sunlight: Choose plants that thrive in the amount of sunlight your garden receives. Some salt-tolerant perennials like full sun, while others prefer partial shade.
    • Moisture: Select plants with similar moisture needs to your existing garden plants or the amount of rainfall you typically receive. Some perennials are drought-tolerant and can handle salty soil, while others prefer more moisture.
    • Soil: Well-draining soil is important for most plants, especially in coastal areas where salt can accumulate. Amend your soil with sand or compost if needed.

    Choose for beauty and function:

    • Blooming period: Select a variety of salt-tolerant perennials that bloom throughout the season to provide continuous interest in your garden.
    • Height and color: Consider the overall design of your garden and choose plants with different heights and colors to create visual contrast and texture.
    • Attracting pollinators: Many salt-tolerant perennials are also pollinator-friendly, like butterfly bushes and lantana.

    Taking care of your salt-tolerant perennials is similar to caring for regular perennials, with a few tweaks to keep them thriving in their salty environment. Here are some key points to remember:

    Watering:

    • Moderate watering: Aim for regular, deep watering to leach away any accumulated salt that could harm the roots. Avoid overwatering, as this can compact the soil and prevent proper drainage.
    • Freshwater flush: During periods of heavy rain or salt exposure, give your plants a thorough flush with freshwater to rinse away any accumulated salt on the foliage and around the root zone.

    Planting and soil:

    • Well-draining soil: Ensure your soil drains well to prevent salt buildup. Consider amending your soil with sand or compost to improve drainage if needed.
    • Planting depth: Plant your perennials slightly deeper than you would normally to protect the roots from salt exposure.
    • Mulching: A layer of mulch around your plants will help retain moisture, suppress weeds, and regulate soil temperature. Choose a salt-tolerant mulch like wood chips or gravel.

    Additional care:

    • Fertilizing: Use a balanced fertilizer designed for coastal plants or slow-release organic fertilizers. Avoid fertilizers high in salt, as they can harm your plants.
    • Pruning: Prune your plants regularly to remove dead or diseased foliage and maintain their shape.
    • Winter protection: In colder climates, provide your perennials with winter protection from wind and freezing temperatures, especially new plantings. Use a breathable material like burlap or straw to cover the foliage.

    Specific considerations:

    • High salt exposure: For plants in areas with heavy salt exposure, like near the ocean or roads, it is crucial to rinse the foliage periodically with freshwater, especially after heavy rain or wind. Consider choosing plants with fleshy or waxy leaves, as these are more resistant to salt damage.
    • Road salt: If your plants are impacted by road salt, flush the soil thoroughly in the spring to remove accumulated salt. Raised beds can also be helpful in areas with high road salt exposure.

    Remember, each type of salt-tolerant perennial has its own specific needs. Research the care requirements for your chosen plants and adjust your watering, fertilizing, and pruning practices accordingly. By following these tips and providing your salt-tolerant perennials with the right care, you can enjoy their beauty and resilience for years to come!

    While salt-tolerant perennials are tough cookies, they still face some challenges in their salty environments. Here are some common problems you might encounter:

    Salt stress:

    • Leaf burn: This manifests as browning or drying of leaf edges or tips, often starting on the side facing the prevailing salt spray.
    • Stunted growth: Plants may appear smaller than expected, with fewer flowers and fruits.
    • Nutrient deficiencies: High salt levels can interfere with nutrient uptake, leading to yellowing leaves and poor growth.
    • Reduced flowering: Salt stress can limit energy reserves, impacting flower production.

    Other issues:

    • Wind and sun: Coastal areas are often exposed to strong winds and intense sunlight, which can further stress salt-tolerant plants. Choose varieties with good wind and sun tolerance for your specific location.
    • Water issues: Even salt-tolerant plants need adequate water, especially during dry periods. Ensure proper drainage to prevent waterlogging, but keep an eye on moisture levels, particularly for newer plantings.
    • Pests and diseases: While not specific to salt-tolerant plants, they can still be susceptible to the usual suspects like insects, fungal diseases, and nematodes. Monitor your plants regularly and address any issues promptly.

    Dealing with problems:

    • Identify the cause: Carefully assess the symptoms and consider environmental factors like recent weather, salt exposure levels, and watering practices.
    • Provide appropriate care: Address the underlying cause, whether it is adjusting watering, improving drainage, or protecting from wind and sun.
    • Seek expert advice: Consult with your local nursery or gardening expert for specific recommendations based on your plant varieties and local conditions.

    By understanding the common problems and providing the right care, you can help your salt-tolerant perennials thrive even in challenging environments. Their resilience and beauty will reward your efforts!

    Choosing the right salt-tolerant groundcover perennials for your garden can create a beautiful and low-maintenance space that thrives in challenging conditions. Here are some popular options to consider:

    Highly Salt Tolerant:

    • Sea Thrift (Armeria): Compact evergreen mounds featuring vibrant pink, purple, or white flowers throughout spring and summer. Ideal for edging pathways and rockeries.
    • Creeping Thyme (Thymus): Fragrant groundcover forming dense mats with tiny pink or purple flowers. Perfect for sunny areas and tolerates light foot traffic.
    • Dianthus: Low-growing perennials with clusters of fragrant blooms in various colors. Tolerates full sun and well-draining soil.
    • Daylilies (Hemerocallis): Versatile with numerous varieties offering diverse colors and bloom times. Thrive in sun and tolerate various soil types.

    Moderately Salt Tolerant:

    Remember:

    • Consider your level of salt exposure and choose accordingly.
    • Match the groundcover's needs to your garden conditions (sunlight, moisture, soil drainage).
    • Think about desired aesthetics like bloom time, color, and texture.
    • Experiment with different varieties to create a diverse and visually appealing landscape.

    With these popular groundcover perennials and the right considerations, you can create a thriving and beautiful garden even in areas with high salt exposure. Enjoy the low-maintenance charm of these resilient plants and let them add a touch of coastal flair to your space!

    Here are some additional factors to keep in mind when selecting and caring for salt-tolerant perennials:

    Nutrient Uptake:

    Soil fertility: While salt-tolerant, these plants may struggle to absorb nutrients due to competition from salt ions. Regularly replenish soil nutrients with organic matter or slow-release fertilizers formulated for coastal settings.

    Foliar feeding: Consider occasional foliar feeding with diluted liquid fertilizer to directly provide nutrients bypassing the roots.

    Growth Habit:

    • Spreading vs. clumping: Choose perennials with suitable growth habits depending on your needs. Spreading varieties are great for covering large areas, while clumping types offer better control and definition in borders.
    • Maintenance needs: Consider how much time and effort you can dedicate to maintaining your groundcover. Some varieties like creeping thyme require minimal attention, while others like coral bells might need occasional pruning to maintain neatness.

    Wildlife Interactions:

    • Attracting pollinators: Many salt-tolerant perennials like butterfly weed and lantana attract pollinators like butterflies and bees, adding ecological value to your garden.
    • Deer and rabbit resistance: If wildlife is a concern, choose varieties known to be deer and rabbit resistant like sea thrift and yarrow.

    Long-Term Management:

    • Monitoring salt buildup: Over time, salt can accumulate in the soil, especially in high-exposure areas. Regularly test your soil and amend it with organic matter or compost to leach out excess salt.
    • Replacing plants: Even salt-tolerant varieties may eventually succumb to prolonged exposure. Plan to replace older plants with new ones to maintain the vibrant appearance of your groundcover.

    Remember, understanding these additional factors will help you make informed choices and provide optimal care for your salt-tolerant perennials. With proper selection, care, and long-term management, these resilient plants will thrive in your coastal or roadside garden, offering beauty and low-maintenance charm for years to come.

    To measure soil salinity, you will need a soil salinity meter. Here is how to use one:

    • Collect soil samples: Collect soil samples from the area you wish to test. Make sure to take samples from different depths to get an accurate representation of the soil salinity.
    • Prepare the soil samples: Air-dry the soil samples or use an oven to dry them at a low temperature. Once dry, crush the soil samples to remove any large clumps.
    • Mix soil with water: Take a measured amount of soil and mix it with distilled water in a container. The ratio of soil to water will depend on the type of soil salinity meter you are using, so refer to the manufacturer's instructions.
    • Measure the salinity: Insert the probe of the soil salinity meter into the soil-water mixture. The meter will display the salinity reading in units of electrical conductivity (EC) or parts per million (ppm).

    Additional points to consider:

    • Calibration: Make sure to calibrate the soil salinity meter before use according to the manufacturer's instructions.
    • Temperature: The temperature of the soil-water mixture can affect the salinity reading. Some meters have automatic temperature compensation, while others may require manual adjustment.
    • Multiple readings: Take multiple readings from different locations and depths to get a comprehensive understanding of the soil salinity in your area.
    • Interpretation of results: Compare the salinity readings to recommended levels for your specific crop or plant type to determine if any action is needed to manage soil salinity.

    Alternative methods:

    If you do not have access to a soil salinity meter, you can consider sending soil samples to a laboratory for analysis or using other indirect methods such as observing plant growth or measuring soil electrical conductivity using a homemade device. However, these methods may not be as accurate as using a dedicated soil salinity meter.

    Safety considerations:

    • Handle soil samples with care: Wear gloves and avoid inhaling dust when handling soil samples.
    • Clean equipment after use: Clean the soil salinity meter and other equipment thoroughly after use to prevent cross-contamination.
    • Dispose of soil-water mixture properly: Dispose of the soil-water mixture in an environmentally responsible manner.

    If you need further assistance or have specific questions about soil salinity measurement, you can consult local agricultural extension services or soil testing laboratories.

    A salt-tolerant plant, also known as a halophyte, is a plant that can thrive in environments with high levels of salt in the soil or water. These plants have developed mechanisms to survive and grow even when exposed to salt concentrations that would be toxic to most other plants.

    Some examples of salt-tolerant plants include:

    • Mangroves: Trees and shrubs that grow in coastal areas and estuaries, tolerating both salt water and periodic flooding.
    • Saltmarsh grasses: Grasses that thrive in salt marshes and estuaries, providing important habitat for wildlife.
    • Sea lavender: A beautiful flowering plant that grows in salt marshes and coastal areas.
    • Ice plant: A succulent groundcover that can tolerate salty conditions and drought.

    Salt-tolerant plants are important for several reasons:

    • Ecosystems: They play crucial roles in coastal and saline ecosystems, providing food and shelter for wildlife.
    • Erosion control: Their extensive root systems help stabilize shorelines and prevent erosion.
    • Agriculture: They offer opportunities for growing crops in areas with saline soils or limited freshwater resources.
    • Landscaping: They can be used in landscaping projects in coastal areas or where salt spray is a concern.

    If you are interested in learning more about salt-tolerant plants, you can research specific species, their adaptations, and their uses.

    Salt accumulation in soil, a process known as salinization, is a major problem that affects agricultural productivity and environmental health worldwide. Here are some effective solutions to address this issue:  

    1. Improved Irrigation Practices:

    • Efficient irrigation systems: Using drip irrigation or other water-saving methods can reduce the amount of water applied, minimizing salt buildup.
    • Leaching: Periodically applying excess water to flush salts below the root zone. This requires proper drainage to avoid waterlogging.
    • Monitoring soil moisture: Regularly checking soil moisture levels can help avoid over-irrigation and prevent salt accumulation.

    2. Drainage Improvement:

    • Subsurface drainage: Installing subsurface drainage systems can help remove excess water and salts from the root zone.
    • Surface drainage: Creating proper surface drainage channels can help prevent water from pooling and causing salt buildup in low-lying areas.

    3. Soil Amendments:

    • Gypsum application: Adding gypsum (calcium sulfate) can help displace sodium ions in the soil, improving soil structure and reducing salt toxicity.
    • Organic matter addition: Increasing organic matter content can improve soil water-holding capacity and reduce salt uptake by plants.

    4. Crop Selection and Management:

    • Salt-tolerant crops: Planting crops that are naturally adapted to saline conditions can help maintain productivity in affected areas.
    • Crop rotation: Rotating salt-sensitive crops with salt-tolerant ones can help reduce salt buildup over time.
    • Cover crops: Planting cover crops during fallow periods can help reduce soil erosion and salt accumulation.

    5. Water Management:

    • Rainwater harvesting: Collecting and storing rainwater can provide an alternative water source with low salt content.
    • Desalination: Desalination technologies can be used to remove salts from seawater or brackish water, providing a source of irrigation water for salt-affected areas.
    • Reuse of treated wastewater: Properly treated wastewater can be used for irrigation in some cases, reducing the demand for freshwater resources.

    6. Other Approaches:

    • Bioremediation: Using salt-tolerant plants or microorganisms to remove salts from the soil.
    • Phytoremediation: Planting specific plant species that can accumulate salts in their tissues, which can then be removed from the site.
    • Electroremediation: Applying an electrical current to the soil to move salts away from the root zone.

    The choice of solutions will depend on the specific site conditions, severity of the salt accumulation problem, and available resources. A combination of different approaches is often necessary to effectively manage salt-affected soils and prevent further degradation.

    Remember: Addressing the issue of salt accumulation requires a long-term commitment and ongoing management practices. By implementing appropriate solutions and adopting sustainable agricultural practices, we can mitigate the negative impacts of salt accumulation and ensure the continued productivity of our soils.

    The amount of salt a plant can tolerate varies greatly depending on the specific plant species. Some plants are highly salt-tolerant (halophytes), while others are very sensitive to salt.  

    Salt tolerance is typically measured in terms of electrical conductivity (EC), which indicates the salt concentration in the soil solution.

    • Sensitive plants: These plants can tolerate EC levels up to 2 dS/m (deciSiemens per meter).
    • Moderately sensitive plants: Tolerate EC levels between 2 and 4 dS/m.
    • Moderately tolerant plants: Tolerate EC levels between 4 and 8 dS/m.
    • Tolerant plants: Tolerate EC levels between 8 and 16 dS/m.
    • Highly tolerant plants: Can tolerate EC levels above 16 dS/m.

    It is important to note that these are general ranges, and the specific salt tolerance of a plant can vary depending on factors like the type of salt present, the plant's growth stage, and environmental conditions.

    If you are looking to plant in an area with saline soil, it is crucial to research the specific salt tolerance of the plants you are considering. Many resources provide information on salt tolerance levels for various plants, including online databases and publications from agricultural extension services.

    Salt stress in plants manifests in a variety of symptoms, impacting both their growth and overall health. These symptoms can be broadly categorized into the following:  

    Visible symptoms:

    • Growth inhibition: This is often the first and most noticeable symptom, as salt stress hinders cell expansion and overall plant development. Plants may appear stunted or have reduced leaf size.
    • Leaf discoloration: Salt toxicity can cause leaves to turn yellow or brown, starting at the tips or margins and progressing inward. This is often due to chlorophyll breakdown and nutrient deficiencies.
    • Leaf burn: In severe cases, leaves may develop necrotic lesions or "burn" along the edges, eventually leading to leaf drop.
    • Wilting: Although salt stress can cause osmotic stress leading to wilting, it is crucial to remember that wilting can also be a symptom of other issues like drought or disease.
    • Reduced flowering and fruiting: Salt stress can disrupt reproductive processes, resulting in fewer flowers and fruits or even complete failure to reproduce.

    Physiological symptoms:

    • Osmotic stress: High salt concentration in the soil makes it difficult for plants to absorb water, leading to water deficit and physiological drought stress.
    • Ion toxicity: Excess sodium and chloride ions can accumulate in plant tissues, disrupting cellular processes and causing direct damage to cells.
    • Nutrient imbalances: Salt stress can interfere with nutrient uptake and transport, leading to deficiencies in essential nutrients like potassium and calcium.
    • Oxidative stress: Salt stress can trigger the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which can damage cell membranes, proteins, and DNA.

    Additional points to consider:

    • The severity of symptoms will depend on the plant species, its salt tolerance level, the duration and intensity of salt exposure, and other environmental factors.
    • Symptoms may appear gradually or suddenly, depending on the severity of salt stress.
    • Some symptoms, like wilting, may be similar to those caused by other stresses, so it is important to consider the overall context and investigate potential causes.

    If you suspect salt stress in your plants, it is important to take steps to mitigate the problem, such as improving drainage, leaching the soil, or selecting more salt-tolerant plants.

    The primary way to remove salt from soil is through a process called leaching. This involves applying excess water to the soil to dissolve the salts and flush them below the root zone or out of the soil profile entirely.

    Key factors for successful leaching:

    • Adequate drainage: The soil must have good drainage to allow the excess water to move through the soil profile and carry the salts away.
    • Sufficient water: A significant amount of water is needed to effectively leach salts. The amount will depend on the soil type, salinity levels, and desired depth of leaching.
    • Low-salt water source: The water used for leaching should have a low salt content to avoid adding more salts to the soil.

    Other methods that can contribute to salt removal:

    • Planting salt-tolerant plants: Some plants can absorb salts from the soil and accumulate them in their tissues. These plants can be harvested and removed, effectively removing salts from the soil.
    • Organic matter addition: Increasing the organic matter content of the soil can improve its water-holding capacity and reduce salt uptake by plants.
    • Gypsum application: Adding gypsum (calcium sulfate) to the soil can help displace sodium ions, improving soil structure and reducing salt toxicity.

    Important considerations:

    • Leaching is most effective when combined with other management practices like improved irrigation, drainage improvement, and crop selection.
    • Leaching may not be suitable for all situations, especially in areas with limited water resources or poor drainage.
    • It is important to monitor soil salinity levels regularly to assess the effectiveness of salt removal efforts and adjust as needed.

    If you are dealing with salt-affected soil, it is recommended to consult with a local agricultural extension service or soil specialist to determine the most appropriate salt removal strategy for your specific situation.

    Salt-tolerant plants, also known as halophytes, are a valuable resource for gardeners in coastal areas or regions where road salt runoff affects the landscape. These resilient plants have evolved to thrive in challenging environments, making them excellent low-maintenance choices for gardens exposed to salt. This guide provides comprehensive information on salt-tolerant perennials, covering everything from soil preparation to plant selection and care.

    Understanding Salt Tolerance

    Salt can negatively impact plants in several ways. Salt spray from ocean winds or road salt can desiccate leaves and stems, causing them to dry out and die. In the soil, high salt concentrations interfere with water uptake and nutrient absorption, leading to stunted growth and potentially plant death.

    Salt-tolerant plants have developed various mechanisms to cope with these challenges. Some have specialized salt glands that can secrete excess salt, while others have adapted their root systems to minimize salt uptake. In addition to their resilience to salt, many salt-tolerant plants offer environmental benefits. They can help control erosion with their deep root systems, reduce water usage due to their drought tolerance, and minimize fertilizer runoff thanks to their low nutrient needs.

    Soil Preparation for Salt-Tolerant Perennials

    Before planting salt-tolerant perennials, it is essential to prepare the soil properly. Start by removing any existing weeds or turfgrass, especially those with persistent root systems, as they can compete with the new plants. Improve the soil by incorporating organic matter, such as compost, well-rotted manure, or shredded leaves. This helps improve drainage in clay soils and increase water retention in sandy soils. Work the organic matter into the top several inches of soil and rake the area smooth.

    Preparing Soil for Shady Areas

    In shady areas, where the soil may be more prone to compaction and poor drainage, it is especially important to amend the soil with compost or other organic matter to improve drainage. This will help ensure that the salt-tolerant perennials can thrive even in low-light conditions.

    Planting Salt-Tolerant Perennials

    Early spring is generally the best time to plant most groundcovers, allowing them to establish strong root systems during the growing season. Fall planting is also an option, taking advantage of cooler temperatures and natural rainfall. Space the plants according to their mature size and growth rate. If planted too far apart, weeding can become a problem, and it will take longer for the groundcover to fill in.

    Caring for Salt-Tolerant Perennials

    • Watering Water groundcovers regularly during their first growing season. Once established, most salt-tolerant perennials are drought-tolerant and require less frequent watering. Water deeply but infrequently to encourage deep root growth. Allow the soil to dry out between waterings. Reduce watering in the fall and winter when the plants are dormant. Avoid overhead watering to prevent fungal diseases.
    • Fertilizing Most salt-tolerant perennials have low nutrient needs and may not require additional fertilizer after planting. If needed, fertilize in early spring, or fall with a slow-release, balanced fertilizer. Avoid fertilizing from July through September, as new growth may not harden off before winter.
    • Pruning Prune groundcovers to remove dead or damaged branches, control growth, and maintain a neat appearance. Early spring is usually the best time to prune, as new growth will quickly cover any bare spots. Avoid severe pruning in late summer or fall, as it can encourage tender growth that may not survive the winter.

    Recommended Salt-Tolerant Perennials

    When selecting salt-tolerant perennials, it is important to consider the level of salt exposure in your garden. Here are some recommendations for different levels:

    High Salt Tolerance These plants can withstand direct salt spray and high salt concentrations in the soil:

    • Sea thrift (Armeria maritima): This low-growing perennial forms a dense mat of grass-like foliage and produces pink or white flowers in spring.
    • Seaside lavender (Limonium latifolium): This perennial has airy lavender-blue flower spikes that rise above rosettes of basal leaves.
    • Creeping thyme (Thymus serpyllum): This fragrant groundcover forms a dense mat of tiny leaves and produces pink, purple, or white flowers in summer.

    Moderate Salt Tolerance These plants can tolerate occasional salt spray and moderate salt levels in the soil:

    • Daylilies (Hemerocallis spp.): Daylilies are adaptable perennials that tolerate a wide range of conditions, including some salt. They come in a vast array of colors and bloom forms.
    • Coral bells (Heuchera spp.): These perennials are valued for their colorful foliage, which comes in shades of red, purple, bronze, and chartreuse. They also produce delicate flower spikes in summer.
    • Ornamental grasses: Many ornamental grasses, such as blue fescue (Festuca glauca) and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), have good salt tolerance.

    Low Salt Tolerance If salt exposure is minimal, you have more flexibility and can choose a wider variety of perennials. However, keep in mind that not all common garden plants are salt-tolerant.

    Here are some recommended salt-tolerant perennials suitable for various USDA zones:

    USDA Zone 1-3:

    • Bee balm (Monarda didyma) : This North American native perennial produces showy, fragrant flowers in shades of red, pink, purple, and white. It attracts pollinators and is deer-resistant.
    • Daylily (Hemerocallis spp.) : Daylilies are adaptable perennials that tolerate a wide range of conditions, including salt spray and drought. They come in a vast array of colors and bloom forms.

    USDA Zone 4-7:

    • 'Angelina' sedum (Sedum rupestre 'Angelina') : This low-growing, mat-forming sedum has bright yellow foliage that turns golden-orange in the fall. It is drought-tolerant and deer-resistant.
    • Lamb's ears (Stachys byzantina) : This perennial has soft, fuzzy, silver-gray foliage that adds texture to the garden. It is drought-tolerant and deer-resistant. It also has a rich history of medicinal use, with the leaves used as bandages for wound healing and for their sedative and antibacterial properties.
    • Moss phlox (Phlox subulata) : This low-growing groundcover forms a dense mat of foliage covered with colorful flowers in spring. It is drought-tolerant and attracts pollinators.

    USDA Zone 8-11:

    • California fuchsia (Epilobium canum) : This short-lived perennial has gray-green foliage and produces vibrant red-orange flowers in late summer and fall, attracting hummingbirds. It is an important food source for hummingbirds in the western US due to its late-season blooms that persist through the hot dry summers.
    • Hardy ice plant (Delosperma cooperi) : This succulent groundcover has fleshy foliage and produces daisy-like flowers in shades of pink, purple, and red. It is drought-tolerant and thrives in poor soils.
    • Rock rose (Cistus spp.) : This often short-lived evergreen shrub has fragrant foliage and produces showy flowers in spring. It is drought-tolerant and can handle salt spray.

    USDA Zone All Zones:

    • Creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra) : This fine-bladed grass forms a dense, low-maintenance groundcover. It is drought-tolerant and shade-tolerant.
    • Snow-in-summer (Cerastium tomentosum) : This perennial has silvery-gray foliage and produces a profusion of white flowers in early summer. It is drought-tolerant and thrives in poor soils. It is also excellent for erosion control, especially on slopes.

    Specific Considerations for Sunny Areas While many salt-tolerant perennials thrive in sunny conditions, there are some specific challenges to consider when growing groundcovers in full sun:

    • Drought and excessive heat: Sunny areas can become very hot and dry, especially during the summer months. Choose drought-tolerant groundcovers that can withstand these conditions.
    • Weed control: Sunny areas can also be prone to weed infestations. Be sure to keep the area weeded until the groundcover is fully established.

    Common Problems and Solutions While salt-tolerant perennials are generally low-maintenance, they can still experience problems. Here are some common issues and solutions:

    Problem

    Solution

    Browning of leaf edges

    This can be a sign of salt burn or drought stress. Water deeply and infrequently and avoid overhead watering.

    Stunted growth

    This can indicate salt accumulation in the soil. Flush the soil with fresh water and amend with organic matter to improve drainage.

    Pests and diseases

    Monitor plants for signs of pests or diseases and take appropriate action.

    Winter damage

    Protect plants from winter salt spray by covering them with burlap or installing a physical barrier.

    Salt-tolerant perennials offer a variety of benefits for gardeners in challenging environments. They are resilient, low-maintenance, and can add beauty and interest to any garden. By choosing the right plants and providing proper care, you can create a thriving garden that can withstand salty conditions. Remember to consider the level of salt exposure in your garden, prepare the soil properly, and provide appropriate watering and pruning. With a little planning and effort, you can enjoy a beautiful and resilient garden even in salty conditions.