• Kingdom: Plantae
• Clade: Tracheophytes
• Clade: Angiosperms
• Clade: Eudicots
• Clade: Asterids
• Order: Asterales
• Family: Asteraceae
• Tribe: Astereae  
• Subtribe: Solidagininaeae
• Genus: Solidago

Key Points:

• Genus: Solidago is a large genus with roughly 100 to 120 species.
• Common Name: Goldenrods
• Family: Belongs to the Asteraceae family, which is one of the largest families of flowering plants.
• Subtribe: Solidago is further classified under the subtribe Solidagininaeae.
• Characteristics: Most Solidago species are herbaceous perennials with bright yellow flowers that bloom in late summer and early fall. They are typically found in open areas like meadows, prairies, and savannas.

Additional Notes:

• The taxonomy of Solidago can be complex due to hybridization and polyploidy, which can make species identification challenging.
• Some Solidago species are considered invasive in certain regions.

Resources for Further Exploration:

• Flora of North America: Provides detailed taxonomic information and distribution maps for North American Solidago species.
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS): A comprehensive database of taxonomic information.
• USDA PLANTS Database: Offers information on plant classification, distribution, and characteristics.

• Solidago morphology is quite diverse, but here are some key characteristics and variations you will find within the genus:

  Overall Growth Habit

  • Herbaceous perennials: All Solidago species are herbaceous perennials, meaning they live for more than two years, and their above-ground stems die back in winter.
  • Height: They can range from very short (a few centimeters) to quite tall (over 2 meters), depending on the species and growing conditions.
  • Growth form: They can grow from woody caudices (a thickened, persistent stem base) or rhizomes (underground stems that spread horizontally). This influences how they spread and form colonies.

  Stems

  • Form: Stems can be decumbent (crawling), ascending, or erect.
  • Branching: Most species have unbranched stems, but some branch in the upper part of the plant.
  • Pubescence: Stems can be glabrous (hairless) or have various types of hairs (pubescence) like strigose (stiff, appressed hairs), strigillose (short, stiff hairs), hispid (rough, bristly hairs), stipitate-glandular (hairs with glands on stalks), or villous (long, soft hairs).

  Leaves

  • Arrangement: Leaves typically alternate along the stem.
  • Basal leaves: Some species retain their basal leaves throughout the growing season, while others shed them before flowering.
  • Shape and size: Leaf shape and size vary considerably between species. They can be lanceolate, ovate, or elliptical, with margins that are entire (smooth) or serrated (toothed).
  • Venation: Often have prominent veins, sometimes with three main veins arising from the base of the leaf blade.
  • Pubescence: Similar to stems, leaves can be glabrous or have various types of pubescence.

  Inflorescences

  • Flower heads: Solidago produces numerous small flower heads arranged in complex clusters.
  • Types of clusters: These clusters can be racemes (elongated clusters with stalked flowers), panicles (branched clusters), or corymbs (flat-topped clusters).
  • Flower types: Each flower head contains two types of flowers:
  • Ray florets: The outer, petal-like flowers, usually yellow but sometimes white. They are pistillate (female) and fertile.
  • Disc florets: The inner, tubular flowers, usually yellow. They are perfect (having both male and female parts) and fertile.

  Fruits

  • Achenes: Solidago produces small, dry fruits called achenes, each containing a single seed.
  • Pappus: Achenes typically have a pappus, a tuft of hairs that aids in wind dispersal.

  Important Considerations

  • Variation: There is significant morphological variation within the genus Solidago, making it challenging to identify species based solely on morphology.
  • Hybridization: Hybridization between species is common, leading to intermediate forms and further complicating identification.
  • Environmental influence: Environmental factors can also influence morphology, such as light levels, soil moisture, and nutrient availability.

Cultivating Solidago (Goldenrod) can be a rewarding experience, as these plants are generally low-maintenance and provide beautiful late-season color. Here is a guide to get you started:

Planting

• Timing: Solidago can be planted almost any time of year, but spring or fall is ideal in most climates.
• Location: Choose a sunny spot that receives at least 6 hours of direct sunlight per day.
• Soil: Well-drained soil is crucial. While Solidago tolerates various soil types, amending organic matter improves drainage and fertility.
• Spacing: Space plants about 12-18 inches apart, depending on the mature size of the variety.

Growing Conditions

• Light: Full sun is best for most Solidago species, although some tolerate partial shade.
• Water: Water regularly, especially during the first year after planting. Once established, they are relatively drought-tolerant.
• Fertilizer: Generally, not necessary in fertile soil. If needed, use a balanced fertilizer in spring.

Maintenance

• Pinching: Pinch back stems in early summer to encourage bushier growth and prevent flopping.
• Staking: Tall varieties may need staking to prevent them from falling over.
• Dividing: Divide clumps every 3-4 years in spring or fall to maintain plant vigor and prevent overcrowding.
• Deadheading: Remove faded flower heads to prolong blooming and prevent self-seeding (if desired).

Pests and Diseases

• Pests: Solidago can be susceptible to aphids, spider mites, and leaf miners. Monitor plants regularly and treat infestations promptly.
• Diseases: Powdery mildew and rust can sometimes be problems. Ensure good air circulation and avoid overhead watering to minimize disease.

Propagation

• Seed: Start seeds indoors 6-8 weeks before the last frost or sow directly outdoors in fall or spring.
• Division: Divide established clumps in spring or fall.
• Cuttings: Take stem cuttings in spring or early summer.

Additional Tips

• Choose the right variety: Select Solidago varieties that are well-suited to your climate and garden conditions. Consider factors like mature size, flower color, and bloom time.
• Native species: Consider planting native Solidago species, which are often better adapted to local conditions and provide valuable habitat for pollinators.
• Avoid overwatering: Solidago is susceptible to root rot in poorly drained soil.
• Winter care: Cut back stems to the ground in late fall or early winter.

Solidago – it is a big genus! Here's how things break down, with some notable examples:

1. Species:

• Roughly 100-120 recognized species exist.
• Identification can be tricky due to hybridization and variation.
• Examples:
• Solidago virgaurea (European goldenrod): Native to Europe, shorter stature, looser flower clusters.
• Solidago canadensis (Canada goldenrod): Tall, widespread in North America, can be aggressive.
• Solidago rugosa (Wrinkleleaf goldenrod): Known for its wrinkled leaves and dense flower clusters.
• Solidago speciosa (Showy goldenrod): Upright habit, large, showy flower heads.

2. Groups (Informal):

• Based on inflorescence structure: This is a common way to broadly categorize goldenrods, though not a strict taxonomic division.
• Plume-like: Flower heads arranged in elongated, often arching clusters (e.g., S. canadensis, S. gigantea).
• Axillary: Flower clusters arise from the leaf axils along the stem (e.g., S. caesia, S. flexicaulis).
• Flat-topped: Flower heads form a relatively flat or slightly rounded cluster at the top of the stem (e.g., S. rigida, S. ptarmicoides).

3. Varieties:

• Naturally occurring variations within a species.
• Often have distinct characteristics like flower color, leaf shape, or growth habit.
• Example: Solidago virgaurea var. alpestris is a smaller, alpine variety of European goldenrod.

4. Cultivars:

• Plants specifically bred or selected for desirable traits (e.g., compact size, unique flower color, improved disease resistance).
• Often propagated vegetatively (cuttings, division) to maintain those traits.
• Examples:
• 'Fireworks': A cultivar of S. rugosa with arching flower plumes.
• 'Golden Fleece': A compact cultivar of S. sphacelata.
• 'Goldrush': A dwarf cultivar of S. cutleri.

Where to Find More Information:

• USDA PLANTS Database: Information on native and introduced species, including distribution maps.
• Missouri Botanical Garden: Plant Finder tool allows you to search for Solidago species and cultivars.

General Characteristics of Solidago (Goldenrod)

• Herbaceous perennials: They live for more than two years, with above-ground growth dying back each winter.
• Yellow flowers: Predominantly known for their bright yellow flowers, though some species have white or cream-colored blooms.
• Late summer/fall bloomers: Provide a burst of color when many other plants are finishing their flowering season.
• Inflorescence structure: Small flower heads are arranged in diverse clusters (e.g., plume-like, axillary, flat-topped).
• Leaves: Typically alternate, with variable shapes and sizes.
• Height: Ranges from a few centimeters to over 2 meters tall.
• Habitat: Often found in open areas like meadows, prairies, and roadsides.
• Native to: Mostly North America, but some species are found in Central and South America, Europe, and Asia.
• Important for pollinators: A valuable source of nectar and pollen for bees, butterflies, and other insects.

Key Morphological Features

• Stems: Can be erect, ascending, or decumbent (crawling), and may be glabrous (hairless) or pubescent (hairy).
• Leaves: Vary in shape (lanceolate, ovate, elliptical), size, and margin (entire or serrated).
• Flower heads: Composed of ray florets (outer, petal-like) and disc florets (inner, tubular).
• Fruits: Achenes (small, dry fruits) with a pappus (tuft of hairs) for wind dispersal.

Other Notable Characteristics

• Medicinal uses: Some Solidago species have traditional medicinal uses.
• Ornamental value: Many cultivars are grown for their attractive flowers and growth habits.
• Ecological role: Important component of native plant communities, providing food and habitat for wildlife.
• Invasiveness: Some species can be aggressive spreaders and are considered invasive in certain regions.

Remember: There is considerable diversity within the genus Solidago. The specific characteristics of a goldenrod plant will depend on the species, variety, or cultivar.

Solidago (goldenrod) is a fantastic plant for attracting a wide range of pollinators! Here is why:  

• Abundant nectar and pollen: Goldenrod produces copious amounts of nectar and pollen, which are essential food sources for many pollinators.
• Late-season bloom time: Since goldenrod blooms in late summer and fall, it provides crucial resources for pollinators when many other flowers have faded. This is especially important for those preparing for winter or migration.
• Diverse flower structure: The numerous small flower heads in goldenrod inflorescences offer accessible landing platforms and foraging opportunities for a variety of insects.

Pollinators Attracted to Solidago:

• Bees: A wide variety of bees, including honeybees, bumblebees, sweat bees, and solitary bees, visit goldenrod for its nectar and pollen.
• Butterflies: Many butterfly species, such as monarchs, painted ladies, and swallowtails, are attracted to goldenrod's nectar.
• Wasps: Both social and solitary wasps, including paper wasps and beneficial parasitic wasps, feed on goldenrod nectar.
• Flies: Various fly species, including hoverflies and bee flies, are also frequent visitors.
• Beetles: Some beetle species, like soldier beetles and longhorn beetles, can be found on goldenrod.

Benefits of Goldenrod for Pollinators:

• Provides essential food: Goldenrod offers a vital source of energy and nutrients for pollinators.
• Supports pollinator populations: By providing abundant resources, goldenrod helps maintain healthy pollinator populations, which are crucial for ecosystem function and food production.
• Attracts beneficial insects: Goldenrod attracts beneficial insects that help control garden pests.

Tips for Attracting Pollinators with Goldenrod:

• Plant native species: Native goldenrod species are best adapted to local pollinators and provide the most benefits.
• Choose a sunny location: Goldenrod thrives in full sun, which also attracts more pollinators.
• Plant in groups: Planting goldenrod in clumps or masses creates a larger visual display and provides more resources for pollinators.
• Avoid pesticides: Pesticides can harm pollinators, so avoid using them on or near goldenrod.

By planting golden rods in your garden, you can create a haven for pollinators and contribute to their well-being!

It is true that some Solidago species have a reputation for being invasive, but it is important to understand the nuances:

1. Which Solidago species are considered invasive?

• Primarily Solidago canadensis (Canada goldenrod) and Solidago gigantea (Giant goldenrod) are the main culprits. These are native to North America but have been introduced to other continents where they can spread aggressively.
• Other species like Solidago altissima (Tall goldenrod) can also be problematic in certain areas.

2. Why are they invasive?

• Vigorous growth: They spread rapidly through rhizomes (underground stems) and produce abundant seeds.
• Adaptability: They tolerate a wide range of conditions, including disturbed sites.
• Lack of natural controls: In introduced ranges, they may escape the natural enemies (insects, diseases) that keep them in check in their native habitats.

3. Where are they invasive?

• Europe: S. canadensis and S. gigantea are particularly invasive in Europe, where they threaten native plant communities and biodiversity.
• Asia: They are also considered invasive in parts of Asia.
• North America: While native to North America, they can still be aggressive spreaders in certain areas, outcompeting other native plants.

4. What about other Solidago species?

• Many Solidago species are not considered invasive and are valuable components of native plant communities.
• Some are even rare or endangered in their native ranges.

5. What can be done about invasive Solidago?

• Prevention: Avoid planting known invasive species. Choose native alternatives or non-invasive cultivars.
• Early detection and control: Monitor for invasive Solidago and take action to control it before it spreads widely.
• Control methods: Include manual removal (digging), mowing, and in some cases, herbicides.

Important Note: It is crucial to correctly identify the Solidago species before assuming it is invasive. Many native goldenrods are beneficial for pollinators and overall ecosystem health.

Resources:

• Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States: Provides detailed information on invasive plants in the U.S., including Solidago species. https://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/  
• Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health: Offers resources on invasive species identification and management.  https://www.invasive.org/  

The official cultivar name - Solidago 'Dansolitlem' is the same plant that is widely sold as 'Little Lemon' goldenrod.

That "Dansolitlem" is a bit of a code, isn't it? It is actually a combination of parts of the breeder's name (Danziger) and a hint at the plant's features ("little lemon"). Cultivar names can be quite interesting once you decode them!

Solidago x 'Little Lemon' is a fantastic goldenrod cultivar! It is a popular choice for gardeners because it offers the beauty of goldenrod in a more compact and manageable form. Here is what you should know about it:

Key Features:

• Compact Size: Reaches only 10-14 inches tall and about 18 inches wide, making it suitable for smaller gardens, borders, and even containers.
• Lemon-Yellow Flowers: Produces masses of bright, lemon-yellow flowers in dense, upright clusters.
• Long Bloom Time: Blooms from mid to late summer, providing a long-lasting display of color.
• Well-Behaved: Unlike some goldenrod species, 'Little Lemon' is not invasive and maintains a tidy clump form.
• Attracts Pollinators: Like other goldenrods, it is a magnet for bees, butterflies, and other beneficial insects.

Growing Conditions:

• Sunlight: Thrives in full sun (6+ hours daily).
• Soil: Adaptable to various soil types but prefers well-drained conditions.
• Moisture: Tolerates some drought once established, but regular watering is beneficial.

Care Tips:

• Deadheading: Remove faded flower spikes to encourage more blooms and prevent self-seeding.
• Dividing: Divide clumps every few years to maintain vigor.
• Pinching: Optional, but pinching back stems in early summer can promote bushier growth.

Landscape Uses:

• Borders: Excellent for edging borders or adding a pop of color to the front of beds.
• Containers: Its compact size makes it well-suited for container gardening.
• Rock Gardens: Can be incorporated into rock gardens or other well-drained areas.
• Mass Plantings: Creates a striking effect when planted in groups.
• Pollinator Gardens: A valuable addition to pollinator-friendly gardens.

With its compact size, vibrant color, and long bloom time, Solidago x 'Little Lemon' is a wonderful choice for gardeners looking for a well-behaved and attractive goldenrod cultivar!