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    • Verbena

    Verbena (ver-bee-nuh) Vervain, Verbenaceae Faimly. Verbena is a large genus of annuals and perennials, almost all native the US. Attractive, rounded clusters of small, tubular flowers in a large color range from white through every shade of red and blue make the hardy species excellent garden plants. These plants are often fragrant and are in bloom all summer. Fine for the border, the rock garden, as edgings, ground covers and cutting. The spreading habit of most Verbena species, with the accompanying stem rooting, gives a solid mat-like growth that makes a strong accent. Full sun and rich garden soil will produce lots of Verbena flowers.

    • Verbena bonariensis Lollipop 10ct Quarts

      Verbena

      Verbena bonariensis 'Lollipop' (10)ct Quarts

      Verbena bonariensis 'Lollipop' (10)ct Quarts Mounding green foliage topped by fragrant lavender flowers early summer to early fall. A dwarf form of Verbena bonariensis with a short almost mounding habit to 2 feet tall by 2 to 3 feet wide instead of...

      $96.89
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    • Verbena Homestead Purple 3.5 inch pot Verbena Homestead Purple (3.5 inch pot)

      Verbena

      Verbena Homestead Purple (3.5 inch pot)

      Verbena canadensis 'Homestead Purple' (3.5-inch pot)Common names: Homestead Purple Verbena Height: 12-18 Inches Spread: 24-36 Inches Hardiness Zone: 6 - 10 Full Sun Purple blooms from May thru October Fast covering Drought tolerant Deer-resistant and...

      $4.74
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    Verbena, also known as Vervain, is a versatile and beautiful flowering plant belonging to the Verbenaceae family. With over 250 species, Verbena can be found in various regions around the world, including North and South America, Europe, and Africa.

    Key Features

    • Flower Colors: Verbena flowers come in a variety of shades, including purple, pink, white, and blue.
    • Growth Habit: These plants can range from petite ground covers to tall, erect perennials. Some varieties, like Purpletop Vervain, can reach up to 72 inches (180 cm) in height.
    • Blooming Season: Verbenas are long-blooming annuals or perennials, with a bloom season that can last from spring until frost if trimmed back once or twice in mid-summer.
    • Sun and Soil Requirements: They thrive in full sun and well-drained soil. They are drought-tolerant once established but need regular watering during their blooming period.

    Uses

    • Gardening: Verbenas are excellent for adding vibrant color to gardens, borders, and wildflower meadows. They attract pollinators like bees and butterflies.
    • Medicinal: Verbena has a long history of medicinal use, believed to have calming and sedative effects, and is used to treat anxiety, stress, and insomnia.
    • Culinary: Some varieties of Verbena are used in herbal teas and culinary dishes for their aromatic properties.

    Care Tips

    • Planting: Best planted in spring or summer, depending on your region. Pinch the tips of the branches at planting time to encourage dense branching.
    • Watering: Keep newly planted verbenas moist until the roots spread, and water thoroughly once a week during the blooming period.
    • Pruning: Trim back the plant by about one-fourth of its height and spread if bloom slows during the summer. This encourages new growth and continuous blooming.

    Verbena FAQ

    Verbena is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants belonging to the Verbenaceae family. There are approximately 87 different verbena species around the world, and many hybrid cultivars result from crossing these species. These plants can be either annuals or perennials and can be herbaceous plants or woody shrubs. They range in size from around 30 cm to up to 2 meters tall.

    Here are some of the key characteristics of verbena:

    • Leaves: Their stems are always square and the simple, serrated leaves grow alternately on them. The common vervain (Verbena officinalis) can be identified by this leaf arrangement.
    • Flowers: Verbena flowers grow in dense spires or branched clusters. They have five petals that are normally joined at the base and come in a variety of colors, including shades of blue, white, pink, and purple. Most verbena species bloom from summer to autumn, but their flowering periods can vary in length .
    • Growing conditions: Verbenas are drought-resistant, tolerating full to partial sun, and enjoy well-drained, average soils. They are valued in butterfly gardening in suitable climates, attracting butterflies and hummingbirds.

    The taxonomy of Verbena is as follows:

    • Kingdom: Plantae (Plants)
    • Subkingdom: Tracheobionta (Vascular plants)
    • Superdivision: Spermatophyta (Seed plants)
    • Division: Magnoliophyta (Flowering plants)
    • Class: Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons)
    • Subclass: Asteridae
    • Order: Lamiales  
    • Family: Verbenaceae (Verbena family)
    • Genus: Verbena (Vervain)  

    Key Characteristics of Verbena:

    • Herbaceous or semi-woody: They can be annual or perennial, depending on the species.
    • Leaves: Usually opposite, simple, and often hairy.
    • Flowers: Small, with five petals, and borne in dense spikes. Colors vary, but are typically shades of blue, white, pink, or purple.

    Important Notes:

    • The genus Verbena contains about 150 species.
    • Most species are native to the Americas and Asia.
    • Verbena officinalis (common vervain) is the type species and is native to Europe.
    • Some species are used in herbalism, while others are cultivated as garden ornamentals.

    Let us explore the morphology of Verbena, breaking it down by the main plant parts:

    1. Roots:

    • Fibrous Root System: Verbenas typically have a network of fine roots that spread out horizontally rather than having a single, dominant taproot. This helps them efficiently absorb water and nutrients from the topsoil.

    2. Stems:

    • Herbaceous or Semi-woody: Depending on the species and cultivar, Verbena stems can be soft and green (herbaceous) or somewhat woody, especially at the base.
    • Square Shape: A characteristic of the Verbena family (Verbenaceae) is that stems are often square-shaped in cross-section.
    • Growth Habit: Stems can be erect, spreading, or trailing, influencing the overall plant form.

    3. Leaves:

    • Opposite Arrangement: Leaves are usually arranged in pairs on opposite sides of the stem.
    • Simple Structure: Each leaf is a single, undivided unit (not compound).
    • Shape Variations: Leaf shapes can vary from lanceolate (lance-shaped) to ovate (egg-shaped) to deeply lobed.
    • Margins: Leaf edges (margins) can be toothed, serrated, or smooth.
    • Surface: Often hairy or rough to the touch.

    4. Flowers:

    • Inflorescence: Flowers are borne in dense clusters called spikes or panicles. These clusters can be elongated or more compact.
    • Individual Flowers:
      • Small Size: Typically small, with a diameter of less than an inch.
      • Five Petals: Usually have five petals that are fused at the base to form a short tube.
      • Color Variations: Wide range of colors, including blue, purple, pink, red, and white.
      • Fragrance: Some species and cultivars have a pleasant fragrance.

    5. Fruits and Seeds:

    • Fruit Type: Dry fruits that split into four nutlets (small, one-seeded segments).
    • Seed Dispersal: Seeds are dispersed when the fruit splits open.

    Variations Within the Genus:

    Keep in mind that there is considerable variation in morphology among the different Verbena species. Factors like climate, habitat, and breeding have led to diverse forms.

    Example: Comparing Two Species

    • Verbena bonariensis (Tall Verbena): Tall, slender stems with long, narrow leaves. Flowers are small and purple, clustered in loose panicles.
    • Verbena rigida (Rigid Verbena): Spreading, mat-forming growth with stiff, oblong leaves. Flowers are bright purple and held in dense spikes.

    Cultivating Verbena successfully involves providing the right conditions and care to encourage healthy growth and abundant blooms. Here is a comprehensive guide to Verbena cultivation:  

    1. Choosing the Right Verbena:

    • Climate Considerations: Select Verbena species and cultivars suited to your local climate. Consider factors like temperature, humidity, and rainfall.
    • Growth Habit: Choose upright, spreading, or trailing varieties based on your garden design and intended use.
    • Color and Variety: Explore the wide range of colors and flower forms available to find the perfect fit for your aesthetic.

    2. Planting:

    • Timing: Plant Verbena in spring after the last frost when the soil has warmed up.
    • Location: Choose a sunny spot that receives at least 6 hours of direct sunlight per day.
    • Soil: Verbena prefers well-drained soil with a slightly acidic to neutral pH (5.8 to 7.2). Amend heavy clay soil with organic matter to improve drainage.
    • Spacing: Space plants 12-18 inches apart, depending on the mature size of the variety.

    3. Watering:

    • Regular Watering: Water regularly, especially during hot, dry periods. However, avoid overwatering, as Verbena is susceptible to root rot in soggy conditions.
    • Allow Soil to Dry: Allow the soil to dry out slightly between waterings to prevent waterlogging.

    4. Fertilizing:

    • Light Feeders: Verbenas are light feeders. Fertilize once a month during the growing season with a balanced, slow-release fertilizer.
    • Avoid Over-fertilization: Over-fertilization can lead to excessive foliage growth at the expense of flowers.

    5. Maintenance:

    • Deadheading: Remove faded flowers regularly to encourage continuous blooming and prevent the plant from setting seed prematurely.
    • Pinching: Pinch back young plants to promote bushier growth.
    • Pest and Disease Control: Monitor plants for pests like aphids, spider mites, and whiteflies. Treat infestations promptly with appropriate insecticides or organic solutions. Watch for diseases like powdery mildew and ensure good air circulation to prevent fungal problems.

    6. Winter Care:

    • Annuals: Most garden Verbenas are treated as annuals, meaning they complete their life cycle in one growing season.
    • Perennials: Some Verbena species are perennial in warmer climates. In colder regions, they may require winter protection, such as mulching or overwintering indoors.

    7. Propagation:

    • Seeds: Verbena can be grown from seed, although hybrid varieties may not come true from seed. Start seeds indoors 6-8 weeks before the last frost.
    • Cuttings: Take stem cuttings in spring or summer to propagate new plants.

    By following these cultivation tips, you can enjoy the beauty and vibrancy of Verbena in your garden throughout the growing season.

    Verbena is a versatile and vibrant addition to any landscape. Here are some design tips to help you make the most of this beautiful plant:

    1. Choose the Right Verbena:

    • Consider Your Climate: Select Verbena species and cultivars that thrive in your region's temperature and humidity levels.
    • Growth Habit: Determine whether you need upright, spreading, or trailing varieties based on your design goals.
      • Upright: Good for borders, containers, and adding height.
      • Spreading: Excellent for groundcovers, filling in gaps, and cascading over walls.
      • Trailing: Ideal for hanging baskets, window boxes, and spilling over the edges of raised beds.
    • Color Palette: Verbenas come in a wide array of colors. Choose hues that complement your existing landscape and create the desired mood.

    2. Site Selection:

    • Sunlight: Most Verbenas need at least 6 hours of full sun per day to bloom profusely.
    • Well-Drained Soil: Ensure the soil drains well to prevent root rot. Amend clay soil with organic matter to improve drainage.

    3. Planting and Spacing:

    • Spacing: Space plants according to their mature size to allow for adequate air circulation and prevent overcrowding.
    • Planting Time: Plant Verbenas in spring after the last frost.

    4. Design Ideas:

    • Borders and Edges: Use upright Verbenas to define borders, pathways, and garden beds.
    • Mass Planting: Create a dramatic impact by mass planting a single Verbena variety.
    • Mixed Plantings: Combine Verbenas with other annuals and perennials for a textured and colorful display. Good companions include:
      • Salvia: Complementary colors and similar growing requirements.
      • Petunias: Create a vibrant and cascading effect.
      • Ornamental Grasses: Add contrasting texture and movement.
    • Containers and Hanging Baskets: Trailing Verbenas are perfect for adding a splash of color to containers and hanging baskets.
    • Groundcovers: Use spreading Verbenas to fill in bare spots, suppress weeds, and create a low-maintenance groundcover.
    • Rock Gardens: Some Verbena species, like Verbena rigida, are well-suited to rock gardens due to their drought tolerance.
    • Pollinator Gardens: Verbenas attract bees, butterflies, and other pollinators, making them a valuable addition to pollinator-friendly gardens.

    5. Maintenance Tips:

    • Watering: Water regularly, especially during hot, dry periods. However, avoid overwatering, as this can lead to root problems.
    • Deadheading: Remove faded flowers to encourage continuous blooming.
    • Fertilizing: Feed Verbenas with a balanced fertilizer every 4-6 weeks during the growing season.
    • Pest and Disease Control: Monitor plants for pests and diseases and take appropriate action if necessary.

    By following these tips, you can create a stunning landscape featuring the beauty and versatility of Verbena.

    There are two main ways to plant verbena: from seeds or with transplants (young plants from a nursery). Here is a breakdown for each:

    Planting from Seeds:

    • Timing: Ideally, start seeds indoors 8 weeks before the last frost date in your area [1].
    • Materials: You will need seed trays or small pots, seed starting mix, and a sunny windowsill.
    • Steps:
      • Fill your trays or pots with the seed starting mix and moisten it.
      • Scatter the tiny verbena seeds on the surface and gently press them into the soil. Do not bury them deeply – they need light to germinate.
      • Keep the soil moist with a spray bottle and place the trays or pots in a warm location (around 70°F) with good sunlight using a grow light if needed.
      • Seedlings should emerge in a couple of weeks. Once they have a few sets of leaves, you can transplant them into larger pots or directly outdoors if there is no danger of frost.

    Planting from Transplants:

    • Timing: Wait until all danger of frost has passed in your area, typically in spring. The soil temperature should be at least 60°F (15°C) [2].
    • Choosing transplants: Select healthy-looking plants from your local nursery.
    • Planting:
      • Pick a sunny location in your garden that receives at least 6-8 hours of sunlight daily. Verbena can tolerate some shade in hot climates.
      • Ensure the soil is well-draining. Amend heavy clay soil with compost or other organic matter to improve drainage.
      • Dig holes slightly larger than the root balls of your transplants. Space the plants 12-18 inches apart depending on the variety.
      • Gently remove the transplants from their pots and loosen any root-bound roots.
      • Place the plants in the holes, ensuring the soil level around the stem remains the same as it was in the pot.
      • Backfill the holes with soil and water thoroughly.

    Here are some additional tips for planting verbena successfully:

    • Watering: Water regularly, especially during hot weather, but allow the soil to dry slightly between waterings. Avoid overwatering, which can lead to root rot.
    • Fertilizer: Apply a balanced, slow-release fertilizer in spring and potentially again in mid-summer to encourage blooming. Alternatively, you can use a water-soluble fertilizer every 4-6 weeks during the growing season.
    • Deadheading: Regularly remove spent flowers (deadheading) to promote continuous blooming throughout the season.

    By following these steps, you should be well on your way to enjoying beautiful verbena flowers in your garden or containers.

    Mass planting Verbena can create a truly stunning visual impact in your landscape. Here is how to make the most of this technique:

    1. Choose the Right Verbena:

    • Low-growing, spreading varieties: These are ideal for creating a carpet of color. Popular choices include:
      • Verbena canadensis cultivars (like 'Homestead Purple')
      • Verbena tenuisecta (Moss Verbena)
      • Trailing types from the 'Superbena' or 'Lanai' series
    • Consider color: Select a single color for a bold, unified look, or blend complementary colors for a more dynamic effect.

    2. Site Selection and Preparation:

    • Full sun: Verbenas thrive in at least 6 hours of direct sunlight per day.
    • Well-drained soil: Amend heavy clay soil with organic matter to improve drainage.

    3. Planting:

    • Spacing: Space plants according to their mature width, typically 12-18 inches apart. This allows them to fill in nicely without overcrowding.
    • Planting en masse: Plant in large groups or drifts to maximize visual impact. Odd numbers often work well visually (e.g., groups of 3, 5, 7, etc.).

    4. Design Ideas for Mass Planting:

    • Slopes and banks: Stabilize slopes and add vibrant color with a mass planting of spreading Verbena.
    • Groundcover: Use Verbena as a flowering groundcover to suppress weeds and add texture to large areas.
    • Island beds: Create a focal point in your lawn with an island bed filled with masses of Verbena.
    • Border fronts: Edge walkways or garden beds with a continuous ribbon of low-growing Verbena.
    • Meadow effect: Combine Verbena with other flowering perennials and grasses for a naturalistic meadow planting.

    5. Maintenance:

    • Watering: Water deeply but infrequently, allowing the soil to dry out slightly between waterings.
    • Deadheading: While not strictly necessary, deadheading (removing faded flowers) can encourage more blooms and maintain a tidy appearance.
    • Fertilizing: Use a balanced fertilizer every 4-6 weeks during the growing season.

    Examples of Effective Mass Plantings:

    • A hillside covered in a vibrant purple blanket of 'Homestead Purple' Verbena.
    • A large bed filled with a mix of pink, white, and red Verbena cultivars, creating a tapestry of color.
    • A border edged with a continuous flow of blue Verbena, contrasting with the green lawn.

    With careful planning and the right Verbena varieties, you can create a breathtaking display of color in your landscape using mass planting techniques.

    There are many beautiful varieties of verbena, each with its own unique characteristics. Here are some of the most popular ones:

    • Trailing Verbena (Verbena hybrida): This is the most common type of verbena grown in gardens. It is a low-growing, spreading plant with cascading stems that are covered in clusters of small flowers. Trailing verbena is a popular choice for hanging baskets, window boxes, and borders. It comes in a wide variety of colors including red, pink, purple, white, and lavender.
    • Lemon Verbena (Aloysia citrodora): This variety is not technically a true verbena, but it is often classified as one because of its similar appearance. Lemon verbena is a woody shrub with fragrant lemon-scented leaves. The leaves can be used to make tea, flavor desserts, or add a refreshing scent to potpourri.
    • Verbena Bonariensis: This tall-growing verbena variety has slender stems that are topped with clusters of lavender-violet flowers. It is a great choice for adding height and vertica interest to the back of a flower border. Verbena bonariensis is also very drought-tolerant and heat-resistant.
    • Blue Vervain (Verbena hastata): This upright, perennial verbena variety has spikes of lavender-blue flowers that bloom in mid to late summer. It is a good choice for a butterfly garden, as it attracts butterflies, bees, and hummingbirds.
    • Sandpaper Verbena (Glandularia rigida): This low-growing verbena variety has rough, sandpaper-like leaves and clusters of bright purple flowers. It is a tough and versatile plant that is well-suited for hot, dry climates.

    Verbena plants display a wide range of heights, depending on the species and cultivar. Here is a general overview:  

    Low-growing (6-12 inches tall):

    • Moss Verbena (Verbena tenuisecta): This delicate species forms a low, spreading mat of foliage with tiny flowers.
    • Trailing varieties: Many hybrid Verbenas are bred for a trailing habit and stay relatively low to the ground, making them ideal for hanging baskets and containers.  

    Medium height (12-36 inches tall):

    • Garden Verbenas: Many common garden Verbenas, often hybrids, fall within this range. They form compact mounds of foliage with abundant flower clusters.
    • Rose Verbena (Verbena canadensis): This North American native forms a spreading mound with clusters of pink, purple, or white flowers.
    • Rigid Verbena (Verbena rigida): This South American species has a spreading habit with bright purple flowers and can tolerate some foot traffic.

    Tall (36-72 inches tall):

    • Tall Verbena (Verbena bonariensis): This airy, upright species is known for its tall, slender stems and clusters of purple flowers. It can reach heights of up to 6 feet.  
    • Blue Vervain (Verbena hastata): This North American native has tall spikes of blue-violet flowers and can reach heights of 4 to 5 feet.  

    Factors Affecting Height:

    • Genetics: The species and cultivar play a significant role in determining the ultimate height of a Verbena plant.
    • Environmental Conditions: Factors like sunlight, soil fertility, and water availability can influence growth and height.
    • Pruning: Pinching back young plants can encourage bushier growth and sometimes limit height, while pruning can maintain a desired shape and size.  

    When choosing Verbena for your landscape, consider the mature height of the plant to ensure it fits your design goals and the surrounding plants.

    Here is how to care for your verbena and keep it thriving:

    Sunlight and Location:

    • Verbena loves sunshine! Aim for at least 6-8 hours of direct sunlight daily [1]. In very hot climates, some afternoon shade can be beneficial.

    Watering:

    • Verbena is fairly drought-tolerant once established, but it still needs regular watering. The key is to avoid extremes. Water your verbena deeply when the soil feels dry to the touch but allow it to dry out slightly between waterings. Avoid soaking the soil or letting it stay constantly wet, as this can lead to root rot.

    Soil:

    • Verbena prefers well-draining soil. If your soil is heavy clay, amend it with compost or other organic matter to improve drainage.

    Fertilizer:

    • To encourage continuous blooming, fertilize your verbena with a balanced, slow-release fertilizer in spring. You can also use a water-soluble fertilizer every 4-6 weeks during the growing season but be sure to follow the application instructions carefully.

    Deadheading and Pruning:

    • Regularly remove spent flowers (deadheading) throughout the season. This will not only make your verbena look tidier, but it will also encourage it to produce even more blooms. In late summer, if blooming slows down, you can prune the plant back by about a third to promote new growth and another flush of flowers.

    Winter Care:

    • Per perennial varieties of verbena, some light trimming in fall is okay, but avoid harsh cutting until spring when new growth appears. The specific winter care will depend on your climate and the verbena variety. In colder regions, mulch around the base of the plant to protect the roots from freezing temperatures.

    Additional Tips:

    • Verbena can be susceptible to powdery mildew, especially in humid conditions. Ensure good air circulation around your plants by providing adequate spacing. If you notice powdery mildew, you can try using a fungicide specifically labeled for verbena.
    • Every few years, it is a good idea to divide your verbena plants to maintain their vigor and prevent them from becoming overcrowded.

    By following these simple care tips, you can enjoy beautiful verbena flowers in your garden for many seasons to come.

    Here is a comprehensive calendar of care for Verbena, highlighting key tasks for each month:

    Spring:

    • March: Start seeds indoors 6-8 weeks before the last frost for early blooms.
    • April-May: Transplant seedlings outdoors after the last frost.
    • May: Pinch back young stems to encourage branching and bushier growth.
    • May-June: Fertilize with a balanced, slow-release fertilizer.

    Summer:

    • June-September: Water regularly, especially during dry periods, but avoid overwatering.
    • Deadhead: Remove faded flowers regularly to promote continuous blooming.
    • Monitor for pests: Check for aphids, spider mites, and other pests and take appropriate action.

    Fall:

    • September-October: Cut back stems by about a third for winter preparation in colder climates.
    • October-November: In frost-free areas, some Verbena species can overwinter as perennials. Protect them with mulch or bring container-grown plants indoors.

    Winter:

    • Winter: Protect perennial Verbena in colder regions by mulching or moving them indoors if necessary.

    Additional Tips:

    • Watering: Water deeply but infrequently, allowing the soil to dry slightly between waterings.
    • Fertilizing: Apply a balanced fertilizer every 4-6 weeks during the growing season.
    • Deadheading: Regular deadheading is essential for continuous blooming.
    • Pest and Disease Control: Monitor for pests and diseases and take appropriate action.
    • Pruning: Prune lightly in spring to remove dead wood and shape the plant.

    By following this calendar of care, you can ensure that your Verbena thrives and provides you with a season-long display of vibrant blooms.

    Verbena is a great pollinator plant! Many varieties of verbena are specifically known for attracting butterflies, bees, and hummingbirds to your garden.

    Here is what makes verbena attractive to pollinators:

    • Blooming time: Many verbena varieties bloom throughout summer and into fall, providing a valuable food source for pollinators when other flowers may be fading.
    • Flower shape and color: Verbena flowers typically have flat, open blooms in bright colors like purple, pink, red, and white, which are easily visible and attractive to pollinators.
    • Fragrance: Some verbena varieties have a pleasant fragrance that further attracts pollinators.

    Here are some specific pollinator favorites:

    • Trailing verbena: A popular choice for attracting butterflies with its cascading clusters of small flowers.
    • Verbena bonariensis: This tall variety with lavender-violet flowers is a magnet for butterflies, bees, and even hummingbirds.
    • Blue vervain: A favorite among butterflies, bees, and hummingbirds with its upright form and spikes of lavender-blue flowers.

    If you would like to create a pollinator haven in your garden, planting verbena is a great option!

    Yes, unfortunately, even though verbena is a relatively low-maintenance plant, it can be susceptible to some common pests and diseases. Here are the two most common ones to watch out for:

    • Powdery mildew: This fungal disease is easily identified by the white, powdery patches that form on the leaves and stems of the plant. Powdery mildew thrives in humid conditions with poor air circulation.
    • Insects: While not as common as powdery mildew, some insects can also bother verbena. Aphids, mealybugs, and whiteflies are potential pests that can suck the sap from your plants, weakening them.

    Here is how to manage these problems:

    • Powdery mildew:
      • Prevention is key: Ensure good air circulation by spacing your plants adequately and avoiding overcrowding. Water at the base of the plant rather than overhead watering.
      • Organic methods: If you see powdery mildew developing, try using organic methods first. You can try spraying the affected areas with a mixture of baking soda and water or neem oil solution.
      • Fungicides: In severe cases, you may need to use a fungicide specifically labeled for verbena and powdery mildew.
    • Insects:
      • Encourage beneficial insects: Beneficial insects like ladybugs and lacewings can help control aphid and other insect populations naturally. Planting companion flowers that attract these beneficial insects can be helpful.
      • Insecticidal soap or neem oil: If insect infestations become severe, you can use insecticidal soap or neem oil spray according to the product label instructions.

    By keeping an eye out for these potential problems and taking preventative measures, you can help keep your verbena healthy and thriving.

    Verbena can be a beautiful addition to floral arrangements! Here is why:

    • Variety of colors and forms: Verbena comes in a wide range of colors, including shades of blue, white, pink, and purple. You can also find varieties with trailing or upright growth habits, giving you versatility in your arrangements.
    • Long bloom time: Many verbenas varieties flower throughout summer and into fall, providing you with long-lasting blooms for your arrangements.
    • Fragrance: Certain types of verbenas, like lemon verbena, have a pleasant scent that can add another dimension to your floral creations.

    Here are some things to consider when using verbena in floral arrangements:

    • Freshness: For the best results, use fresh verbena that is free of pests and diseases. Choose stems with unopened or just-opened flowers for the longest vase life.
    • Stem strength: While some verbena varieties have sturdy stems, others may be more delicate. Consider using floral tape or chicken wire for added support if needed.
    • Water source: Verbena benefits from having a fresh water source in your arrangement. Use a clean vase and fill it with cool water. Add a floral preservative according to the package instructions to help extend the life of your flowers.

    Here are some tips for using different verbena varieties in arrangements:

    • Trailing verbena: These are perfect for adding a cascading element to your arrangement. They can be used to soften the edges of a vase or to create a sense of movement.
    • Upright verbena: These varieties can be used to add height and structure to your arrangement. They also work well in mass plantings for a bold statement.
    • Lemon verbena: The fragrant leaves of lemon verbena can be used as a filler or accent in arrangements. They can also be used to add a touch of lemon scent.

    With a little planning, you can use verbena to create beautiful and unique floral arrangements.

    Yes, some varieties of verbena can be invasive, particularly Verbena bonariensis, also known as tall verbena. This fast-growing perennial readily reseeds and can spread aggressively in warmer climates.

    Here's why Verbena bonariensis can be a concern:

    • Spreads quickly: It produces many seeds that can easily germinate and establish new plants, potentially taking over unwanted areas.
    • Outcompete native plants: Its vigorous growth can crowd out native plants, reducing biodiversity in your local ecosystem.

    Here are some resources to check before planting verbena, especially Verbena bonariensis:

    • Search online using "[invasive plants in your area]" to see if Verbena bonariensis is listed as a problem in your region.
    • Contact your local Cooperative Extension Service or Master Gardener program for guidance on invasive plants.

    If you would like to plant verbena but are concerned about invasiveness, here are some alternatives:

    • Choose non-invasive verbena varieties: There are many cultivars and hybrids of verbena that are less likely to spread aggressively. Ask your local nursery for recommendations on non-invasive varieties suitable for your climate.
    • Deadhead regularly: This will prevent the plant from setting seeds and spreading.
    • Contain the plant: Consider planting verbena in containers to prevent it from spreading to unwanted areas.

    By being aware of the potential for invasiveness and taking some precautions, you can still enjoy the beauty of verbena in your garden.

    • Late Spring: This is the generally recommended window for most gardeners. Look for new, non-flowering shoots with soft stems but some hardening at the base. This applies well to many common verbena varieties like trailing verbena.
    • Early Summer: You can also propagate verbena from cuttings in early summer, though success rates might be slightly lower. However, this can be a good option for taking cuttings from tender bedding varieties to overwinter them and enjoy the plants again next year.

    Here are some additional factors to consider:

    • Climate: If you live in a warm climate with a long growing season, you might have more flexibility in your propagation timing. In colder climates, prioritize propagating in late spring to give the new plants time to establish before frost.
    • Variety: Some specific verbena varieties might have preferred propagation windows. Check with your local nursery or gardening resources for specific recommendations on your chosen variety.

    Overall, late spring is the safest and most widely recommended time to propagate verbena for most gardeners. But do not be afraid to experiment with early summer cuttings, especially if you live in a warm climate or want to overwinter your plants.

    • Verbena offers a range of benefits for your garden, making it a popular choice for many gardeners. Here is a breakdown of some of the key advantages:

      Beauty and Color:

      • Vibrant blooms: Verbena comes in a wide variety of colors, including shades of blue, white, pink, and purple. The flowers typically bloom throughout summer and into fall, adding continuous bursts of color to your garden.
      • Different forms: You can find verbena varieties with trailing or upright growth habits, allowing you to create different design elements in your garden beds or containers.

      Wildlife Support:

      • Pollinator magnet: Verbena attracts butterflies, bees, and hummingbirds with its bright colors, nectar-rich flowers, and sometimes even fragrance. This can help support these vital pollinators in your local ecosystem.

      Easy Care:

      • Low maintenance: Verbena is generally a low-maintenance plant once established. It is drought-tolerant and thrives in sunny locations with well-drained soil].
      • Propagation options: Verbena can be easily propagated through stem cuttings, allowing you to expand your plantings or share them with friends.

      Additional Advantages:

      • Certain varieties have fragrant leaves: Lemon verbena, for instance, has delightful lemon-scented foliage that can be used in potpourri or teas.
      • Some verbena varieties are perennials: This means they will come back year after year with proper care, providing long-term value in your garden.

      However, it is important to be aware of the potential for invasiveness with some verbena varieties, particularly Verbena bonariensis. Choose non-invasive cultivars or take precautions like deadheading to prevent unwanted spreading.

      Overall, verbena's combination of beauty, ease of care, and ecological benefits makes it a worthwhile addition to many gardens.

    Verbena Species, Groups and Cultivars

    It is tricky to give you a definitive list of all Verbena species, groups, and cultivars because there are so many! But I can provide you with a breakdown of some popular and noteworthy ones, categorized by their growth habits and uses:

    1. Garden Verbenas (often hybrids)

    • Origin: These are often complex hybrids, drawing from South American species like V. peruviana, V. phlogiflora, and V. incisa.
    • Characteristics: Bred for compact growth, continuous blooming, and vibrant colors. They come in upright, spreading, and trailing forms.
    • Popular Groups/Cultivars:
      • 'Superbena' series: Known for heat tolerance and mildew resistance.
      • 'Lanai' series: Trailing/spreading habit, great for hanging baskets.
      • 'Tapien' series: Compact and mounding.
      • 'Imagination': Unique, cascading growth with purple flowers.

    2. Tall Verbenas

    • Brazilian Verbena (Verbena bonariensis): Airly, open growth habit with clusters of purple flowers. Attracts pollinators.
    • Blue Vervain (Verbena hastata): Native to North America, with tall spikes of blue-violet flowers.

    3. Groundcover Verbenas

    • Rigid Verbena (Verbena rigida): Spreading, mat-forming with bright purple flowers. Tolerates some foot traffic.
    • Moss Verbena (Verbena tenuisecta): Delicate, fern-like foliage with abundant small flowers in shades of purple, pink, or white.

    4. Species Verbenas with Specific Uses

    • Lemon Verbena (Aloysia citriodora): Grown for its fragrant leaves, used in teas and cooking. (Note: No longer classified in the Verbena genus, but closely related).
    • Common Vervain (Verbena officinalis): Historically used in herbal medicine.

    Where to Find More Information:

    • Online Plant Databases: Resources like the Missouri Botanical Garden's Plant Finder or the Royal Horticultural Society's plant finder are excellent for exploring specific cultivars and their characteristics.
    • Nursery Catalogs and Websites: Browse catalogs (online or print) from reputable nurseries to see what Verbenas they offer. They often provide detailed descriptions and images.
    • Gardening Books and Magazines: Look for books or articles specializing in annuals, perennials, or specific plant types like Verbena.

    Verbena aristigera, also known as moss verbena, desert verbena, or fine-leafed verbena, is a unique and adaptable species of verbena. While native to South America, it has been introduced to many other parts of the world, including North America, where it can be found in some areas.

    Native Habitat:

    • South America: It is originally native to Bolivia, southern Brazil, northern Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay.
    • Grasslands and Open Areas: It thrives in dry, open areas, including grasslands, savannas, and disturbed sites.
    • Sunlight: It prefers full sun but can tolerate some light shade.
    • Soil: It prefers well-drained, sandy or gravelly soils.

    Characteristics:

    • Appearance: It is a low-growing, spreading perennial that forms mats of foliage. It typically reaches 6 to 12 inches in height and can spread up to 3 feet wide.
    • Flowers: It produces clusters of small, tubular flowers in shades of pink, purple, or white. The flowers bloom from spring to fall, providing a long season of color.
    • Leaves: It has finely dissected, fern-like leaves that give it a delicate, moss-like appearance. The leaves are aromatic when crushed.
    • Drought Tolerance: It is highly drought-tolerant, making it a good choice for xeriscaping or dry gardens.

    Growing Verbena aristigera in Your Garden:

    • Ideal Conditions: Plant in full sun and well-drained soil. It is suitable for rock gardens, borders, containers, and hanging baskets.
    • Hardiness: It is hardy in USDA zones 7 to 10. In colder zones, it can be grown as an annual or overwintered indoors.
    • Propagation: It can be propagated from seed, cuttings, or by dividing established plants.
    • Maintenance: It is a low-maintenance plant that requires minimal watering once established. Deadhead spent flowers to encourage more blooms.

    Interesting Facts:

    • Invasiveness: In some areas outside its native range, Verbena aristigera has become invasive, so it is important to check its status in your region before planting.
    • Synonyms: It has several synonyms, including Glandularia aristigera and Verbena tenuisecta.
    • Common Names: It is known by various common names, including moss verbena, desert verbena, fine-leafed verbena, wild verbena, tuber vervain, South American mock vervain, Mayne's curse, and Mayne's pest.

    Verbena bonariensis

    Verbena bonariensis, also known as Tall Verbena or Purpletop Vervain! It is a popular choice for gardens because of its unique form and pollinator-attracting power. Here is a rundown of its key features and growing tips:  

    Distinctive Characteristics:

    • Height: As the common name suggests, it is tall, reaching 3 to 6 feet in height.  
    • Airy Habit: The stems are slender and wiry, with long internodes (spaces between leaves), giving it an open and see-through quality.  
    • Flowers: Clusters of small, lavender-purple flowers bloom from mid-summer to frost.
    • Foliage: Lance-shaped leaves are mostly concentrated at the base of the plant.  
    • Attracts Pollinators: A magnet for butterflies, bees, and other beneficial insects.  

    Cultivation:

    • Light: Full sun (at least 6 hours per day) is essential for best flowering.  
    • Soil: Well-drained soil is crucial. It tolerates average to poor soils, but good drainage is key.  
    • Moisture: Drought tolerant once established, but benefits from regular watering during hot periods.  
    • Hardiness: Perennial in USDA zones 7-11. Grown as an annual in cooler climates, but it often self-seeds.  
    • Maintenance: Minimal care is needed. Deadheading can prolong blooming, but it is not essential.

    Design Tips:

    • Back of the Border: Its height makes it perfect for the back of borders or mixed plantings.
    • Cottage Gardens: Adds a lovely informal touch to cottage gardens.
    • Meadow Plantings: Combines beautifully with ornamental grasses and other perennials in naturalistic settings.  
    • Containers: Can be grown in large containers but may need staking.
    • Vertical Accent: Provides vertical interest without being bulky.

    Why Gardeners Love It:

    • Long Blooming Season: Provides color for months.  
    • Pollinator-Friendly: Supports a healthy garden ecosystem.  
    • Airiness: Adds a unique texture and sense of lightness to plantings.  
    • Low Maintenance: Easy to grow and care for.  

    If you are looking for a plant that adds height, movement, and pollinator appeal to your garden, Verbena bonariensis is an excellent choice!  

    Verbena brasiliensis, also known as Brazilian vervain or Brazilian verbena, is a flowering plant that is native to South America, specifically Brazil, as its name suggests. While it can be quite attractive with its purple flowers, it is increasingly becoming known for its invasive tendencies outside of its native range.

    Native Habitat:

    • South America: It originates from Brazil but has spread to other parts of South America.
    • Disturbed Areas: It thrives in disturbed areas such as roadsides, pastures, fields, and waste areas. It can also invade wetlands and riparian areas.
    • Sunlight: Brazilian vervain prefers full sun but can tolerate some shade.
    • Soil: It adapts to various soil types, including loam, clay, and sandy soils.

    Characteristics:

    • Appearance: It is an erect, annual or short-lived perennial herb with stiff, square stems that can grow up to 6 feet tall.
    • Flowers: Small, purple flowers are arranged in slender, elongated clusters at the top of the stems. They bloom from spring to fall.
    • Leaves: The leaves are opposite, lance-shaped to ovate, with toothed margins and a rough texture.
    • Invasive Potential: Brazilian vervain is considered an invasive species in many areas of the United States and other countries. It can outcompete native plants and form dense stands that reduce biodiversity.

    Growing Verbena brasiliensis (with caution):

    • Ornamental Use: While it can be attractive, it is generally not recommended to plant Brazilian vervain due to its invasive potential.
    • Control: If you have Brazilian vervain on your property, it is important to control its spread. Methods include hand-pulling, mowing, and herbicide application.

    Why it is a concern:

    • Outcompetes Native Plants: It grows rapidly and aggressively, crowding out native vegetation and disrupting ecosystems.
    • Reduces Biodiversity: It can form dense monocultures, reducing habitat and food sources for wildlife.
    • Difficult to Control: Once established, it can be difficult to eradicate due to its prolific seed production and ability to resprout.

    Verbena canadensis, also known as rose verbena or clump verbena, is a beautiful flowering plant native to North America. Here is some key information about it:  

    Native Habitat:

    • It is primarily found in the eastern and south-central United States.  
    • It thrives in open woods, prairies, meadows, and along roadsides.
    • It prefers well-drained soils but can tolerate a variety of conditions, including sandy or rocky soils.  
    • It grows best in full sun to partial shade.  

    Characteristics:

    • Growth Habit: It is a low-growing, spreading perennial that forms clumps.  
    • Flowers: It produces clusters of showy pink, purple, or lavender flowers from spring to fall. The flowers are attractive to butterflies and other pollinators.  
    • Leaves: It has opposite, pinnately-lobed leaves with a slightly rough texture.  
    • Size: It typically grows 1 to 2 feet tall and spreads 2 to 3 feet wide.

    Cultivation:

    • Verbena canadensis is a relatively easy plant to grow and is often cultivated in gardens for its attractive flowers and long blooming season.  
    • It is drought-tolerant once established, but benefits from occasional watering during hot, dry periods.  
    • It can be propagated by seed, cuttings, or division.
    • Deadheading spent flowers can encourage more blooms and maintain a tidy appearance.  

    Uses:

    • Ornamental: It is a popular choice for borders, rock gardens, containers, and mass plantings.  
    • Wildlife: It attracts butterflies, bees, and other pollinators to the garden.  
    • Erosion Control: Its spreading habit can help to control erosion on slopes and banks.

    Verbena hastata, commonly known as blue vervain or swamp verbena, is a native North American wildflower that thrives in moist environments. Here is a breakdown of its key features and growing conditions:

    Native Habitat:

    • Wetlands and Moist Areas: Blue vervain is typically found in wet meadows, marshes, stream banks, and other areas with consistently moist to wet soil.
    • Sunlight: It prefers full sun but can tolerate some shade.
    • Soil: While it prefers moist soil, blue vervain can adapt to a range of soil types, including clay and loam.
    • Distribution: It is widespread across North America, thriving in USDA hardiness zones 3 to 8.

    Characteristics:

    • Appearance: Blue vervain is an erect perennial with slender, branching stems that can reach heights of 2 to 6 feet.
    • Flowers: It produces dense clusters of small, purplish-blue flowers arranged in narrow spikes. These bloom from the bottom up, creating a candelabra-like effect. The flowering period typically lasts from mid-summer to early fall.
    • Leaves: The leaves are lance-shaped with toothed edges and a rough texture.
    • Wildlife Value: Blue vervain is an important nectar source for pollinators like bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds. It's also a larval host plant for the common buckeye butterfly.

    Growing Blue Vervain in Your Garden:

    • Ideal Conditions: Provide full sun and consistently moist soil. It is a great choice for rain gardens, borders, or naturalized areas.
    • Propagation: You can grow blue vervain from seed or by dividing established plants.
    • Maintenance: It is a relatively low-maintenance plant. Deadhead spent flowers to encourage more blooms and prevent self-seeding if desired.

    Verbena rigida, also known as slender vervain or tuberous vervain, is a vibrant and resilient flowering plant native to South America (Brazil and Argentina). It is often grown as an annual in temperate climates due to its tenderness to frost. Here is a closer look:

    Native Habitat:

    • Grasslands and Open Areas: In its native range, Verbena rigida thrives in sunny grasslands, meadows, and disturbed areas.
    • Sunlight: It requires full sun to perform its best.
    • Soil: It prefers well-drained soil and can tolerate poor, sandy soils.
    • Climate: It is adapted to warm temperate and subtropical climates.

    Characteristics:

    • Appearance: Verbena rigida is a sprawling to upright perennial (often grown as an annual) with stiff, somewhat rough stems. It typically reaches 1 to 2 feet in height and spreads about 1 to 3 feet wide.
    • Flowers: It produces clusters of small, vibrant purple flowers that bloom profusely from late spring to fall. The flower clusters are held on stiff stems, giving the plant a structured appearance.
    • Leaves: The leaves are lance-shaped to oblong, with toothed margins and a rough texture. They are sessile (lacking a stalk) and clasp the stem.
    • Roots: It has tuberous roots, which help it survive periods of drought.

    Growing Verbena rigida in Your Garden:

    • Ideal Conditions: Plant in full sun and well-drained soil. It is a good choice for borders, rock gardens, containers, and mass plantings.
    • Hardiness: It is hardy in USDA zones 7 to 10. In colder zones, it is typically grown as an annual or overwintered indoors.
    • Propagation: It can be grown from seed, cuttings, or by dividing the tuberous roots.
    • Maintenance: It is a relatively low-maintenance plant. Deadhead spent flowers to encourage more blooms and prevent self-seeding.

    Verbena stricta, commonly known as hoary vervain or woolly vervain, is a tough and adaptable wildflower native to North America. It is known for its distinctive upright form and fuzzy foliage. Here is a closer look:

    Native Habitat:

    • Dry Open Areas: Hoary vervain thrives in dry prairies, glades, fields, and disturbed areas like roadsides and pastures.
    • Sunlight: It needs full sun to flourish.
    • Soil: It prefers well-drained, sandy or gravelly soils, and is tolerant of drought and poor soil conditions.
    • Distribution: It is native to a wide swath of North America, including the central and eastern United States and parts of Canada.

    Characteristics:

    • Appearance: This is a sturdy, erect perennial that grows 2 to 4 feet tall.
    • Flowers: Dense, elongated clusters (spikes) of small, tubular, purple flowers bloom from the bottom up throughout the summer.
    • Leaves: Opposite, toothed leaves are covered in soft, white hairs, giving them a grayish-green, woolly appearance. This is where the "hoary" in its name comes from!
    • Wildlife Value: Hoary vervain is a valuable nectar source for pollinators, especially bees and butterflies. Birds and small mammals also eat the seeds.

    Growing Hoary Vervain in Your Garden:

    • Ideal Conditions: Plant in a sunny location with well-drained soil. It is a good choice for xeriscaping, wildflower meadows, or informal gardens.
    • Propagation: Start from seed (may need cold stratification) or divisions.
    • Maintenance: This is a low-maintenance plant that requires minimal watering once established. Deadhead spent flower spikes to prevent self-seeding and encourage more blooms.

    Verbena urticifolia, commonly known as white vervain or nettle-leaved vervain, is a native wildflower found throughout much of North America. It often gets overlooked, but it is a valuable plant for pollinators and adds a delicate touch to native plant gardens. Here is more about it:

    Native Habitat:

    • Woodland Edges and Disturbed Areas: White vervain prefers partial shade and thrives in woodland edges, thickets, meadows, and disturbed areas like old fields and roadsides.
    • Sunlight: It tolerates a wide range of light conditions, from full sun to partial shade, but generally prefers some shade, especially in hotter climates.
    • Soil: It adapts to various soil types, including loam, clay, and sandy soils, as long as they are well-drained.
    • Moisture: It prefers moist soil but can tolerate some dryness.
    • Distribution: It is widespread across the eastern and central United States and parts of Canada.

    Characteristics:

    • Appearance: White vervain is an erect, slender perennial that typically grows 3 to 5 feet tall.
    • Flowers: Small, white flowers are arranged in slender, branching spikes that bloom from mid-summer to fall. The flowers are not as showy as some other Verbena species, but they have a delicate beauty and attract a wide range of pollinators.
    • Leaves: The leaves are opposite, ovate, and coarsely toothed, resembling nettle leaves (hence the name "nettle-leaved vervain"). However, unlike nettles, they do not sting!
    • Wildlife Value: White vervain is an important nectar source for various pollinators, including bees, butterflies, and moths.

    Growing White Vervain in Your Garden:

    • Ideal Conditions: Plant in partial shade in moist, well-drained soil. It is a good choice for woodland gardens, meadows, or naturalized areas.
    • Propagation: Start from seed (may need cold stratification) or cuttings.
    • Maintenance: This is a relatively low-maintenance plant. It may need some support to prevent flopping, especially in shady conditions. Deadhead spent flower spikes to encourage more blooms.

    Verbena 'Homestead Purple' is a popular cultivar of Verbena canadensis, also known as rose verbena or clump verbena. It is prized for its long blooming season and vibrant purple flowers. Here is a summary of its key features and growing information:  

    Characteristics:

    • Growth Habit: It is a low-growing, spreading perennial, typically reaching 12-18 inches tall and spreading 2-3 feet wide. It forms a dense, mounded clump.  
    • Flowers: Showy clusters of bright purple flowers bloom profusely from late spring to frost. The flowers are attractive to butterflies and other pollinators.  
    • Foliage: It has dark green, glossy leaves that provide a nice contrast to the purple blooms.  

    Cultivation:

    • Light: Plant 'Homestead Purple' in full sun (at least 6 hours per day) for the best flowering. It can tolerate some light shade, but flowering may be reduced.
    • Soil: It prefers well-drained soil but is adaptable to various soil types, including sandy or rocky soils.  
    • Moisture: While drought-tolerant once established, it benefits from regular watering, especially during hot, dry periods.
    • Hardiness: It's hardy in USDA zones 5 to 9.
    • Maintenance: Deadhead spent flowers to encourage continuous blooming and maintain a tidy appearance. It can also be lightly pruned in late summer to promote bushier growth.

    Uses:

    • Landscaping: 'Homestead Purple' is a versatile plant that can be used in various landscape settings, including borders, rock gardens, containers, hanging baskets, and mass plantings. It is also a good choice for erosion control on slopes.  
    • Pollinator Gardens: The flowers are a good source of nectar for butterflies, bees, and other pollinators.  

    With its vibrant color, long blooming season, and ease of care, Verbena 'Homestead Purple' is a great choice for adding beauty and interest to your garden.